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Seroprevalence of arboviruses in Ecuador: Implications for improved surveillance.

INTRODUCTION: Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) cause morbidity and mortality in humans and domestic animals worldwide. The percentage o … S: From 20.63% to 63.61% of humans showed IgG-antibodies for the flaviviruses: Dengue virus (DENV), yellow fever virus (YFV) Saint Louis encephalitis virus, and West Nile virus (WNV); from 4.67% to 8.63% showed IgG-Abs for the alphaviruses: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, eastern equine encephalitis virus, and western equine encephalitis virus. IgM-Abs w …

Toward Establishing Integrated, Comprehensive, and Sustainable Meningitis Surveillance in Africa to Better Inform Vaccination Strategies.

Large populations across sub-Saharan Africa remain at risk of devastating acute bacterial meningitis epidemics and endemic disease. Meningit … inkage with existing surveillance systems for vaccine-preventable diseases, such as polio, measles, yellow fever, and rotavirus, as well as with other epidemic-prone diseases to leverage their infrastructure, transport systems, equipment, human resources and funding. The implementation of these concepts is currently being piloted in a few countries in sub-Saha …

A Woman With Dyspnea, Weight Loss, and Splenic Lesions.

The patient is a 37-year-old hospital employee and current smoker with a 10 pack-year smoking history, who presented with dyspnea, chest pain, and weight loss. She was in her usual state of health until 4 months prior to admission when she developed intermittent left-sided chest pain, cough productive of scant yellow sputum, fevers, and anorexia. Initial chest radiograph was normal and her outpatient physician prescribed azithromycin, which she took without improvement. One month prior to admission, a follow-up chest radiograph revealed a left-sided upper lobe consolidation; she received a cou

Attraction Versus Capture: Efficiency of BG-Sentinel Trap Under Semi-Field Conditions and Characterizing Response Behaviors for Female Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).

Aedes aegypti (L.) is an important vector of viruses causing dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever and as such is a threat to public health worldwide. Effective trapping methods are essential for surveillance of both the mosquito species and disease presence. The BG-Sentinel (BGS) is a widely used to trap Ae. aegypti but little is known of its efficiency, i.e., what proportion of the mosquitoes encountering the trap are captured. The first version of the BGS trap was predominantly white, and the current version is mostly navy blue. While this trap is often deployed without any olfactory …

Genome Detective Coronavirus Typing Tool for rapid identification and characterization of novel coronavirus genomes.

SUMMARY: Genome detective is a web-based, user-friendly software application to quickly and accurately assemble all known virus genomes from next-generation sequencing datasets. This application allows the identification of phylogenetic clusters and genotypes from assembled genomes in FASTA format. Since its release in 2019, we have produced a number of typing tools for emergent viruses that have caused large outbreaks, such as Zika and Yellow Fever Virus in Brazil. Here, we present the Genome Detective Coronavirus Typing Tool that can accurately identify the novel severe acute respiratory syn…

Acute exacerbation of cervical myelopathy caused by pseudogout of the cervical ligamentum flavum after cervical spinal cord injury: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: Calcification of the ligamentum flavum can cause acute neck pain and compression of the spinal cord, which can induce myelopathy. However, there are very few reports of acute exacerbation of myelopathy due to a pseudogout attack of the cervical ligamentum flavum, and there are no reports of that after a cervical spinal cord injury. Here, we report the case of a patient with acute neck pain and tetraplegia caused by pseudogout attack of the cervical ligamentum flavum after cervical central spinal cord injury. CASE PRESENTATION: A 78-year-old man experienced mild tetraplegia after

Biological Characteristics and Patterns of Codon Usage Evolution for the African Genotype Zika Virus.

We investigated temporal trends of codon usage changes for different host species to determine their importance in Zika virus (ZIKV) evolution. Viral spillover resulting from the potential of codon adaptation to host genome was also assessed for the African genotype ZIKV in comparison to the Asian genotype. To improve our understanding on its zoonotic maintenance, we evaluated in vitro the biological properties of the African genotype ZIKV in vertebrate and mosquito cell lines. Analyses were performed in comparison to Yellow fever virus (YFV). Despite significantly lower codon adaptation index…

Molecular Determinants of West Nile Virus Virulence and Pathogenesis in Vertebrate and Invertebrate Hosts.

West Nile virus (WNV), like the dengue virus (DENV) and yellow fever virus (YFV), are major arboviruses belonging to the Flavivirus genus. WNV is emerging or endemic in many countries around the world, affecting humans and other vertebrates. Since 1999, it has been considered to be a major public and veterinary health problem, causing diverse pathologies, ranging from a mild febrile state to severe neurological damage and death. WNV is transmitted in a bird-mosquito-bird cycle, and can occasionally infect humans and horses, both highly susceptible to the virus but considered dead-end hosts. Ma…

Antiviral Activity of Benzavir-2 against Emerging Flaviviruses.

Most flaviviruses are arthropod-borne viruses, transmitted by either ticks or mosquitoes, and cause morbidity and mortality worldwide. They are endemic in many countries and have recently emerged in new regions, such as the Zika virus (ZIKV) in South-and Central America, the West Nile virus (WNV) in North America, and the Yellow fever virus (YFV) in Brazil and many African countries, highlighting the need for preparedness. Currently, there are no antiviral drugs available to treat flavivirus infections. We have previously discovered a broad-spectrum antiviral compound, benzavir-2, with potent …

Cytochrome P450 Mono-Oxygenase and Resistance Phenotype in DDT and Deltamethrin-Resistant Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) and Culex quinquefasciatus in Kosofe, Lagos, Nigeria.

Pyrethroids and DDT are key insecticides in the control of malaria, yellow fever, and lymphatic filariasis vectors. Knockdown and metabolic resistance mechanisms have been proven to be important in determining the efficacy of insecticides. Here we investigated cytochrome P450 as a resistance mechanism in Anopheles gambiae Giles and Culex quinquefasciatus Say exposed to deltamethrin and DDT. Two- to three-days-old adult female mosquitoes were used for insecticide exposures and PBO synergistic assays using WHO standard guidelines, kits and test papers (DDT 4%, deltamethrin 0.05%, and PBO 4%). Po…

Complementary use of mass spectrometry and cryo-electron microscopy to assess the maturity of live attenuated dengue vaccine viruses.

Dengue virus (DENV) infection is a global health threat with the potential to affect at least 3.6 billion people living in areas of risk. No … of age. The vaccine is composed of four recombinant, live, attenuated vaccines (CYD 1-4) based on a yellow fever vaccine 17D (YFV 17D) backbone, each expressing the pre-membrane (prM) and envelope (E) genes of one of the four DENV serotypes. Virus maturity could impact the biological activity of the vaccine viruses. To address this question, the maturity of th …

Cross-species pathogen spillover across ecosystem boundaries: mechanisms and theory.

Pathogen spillover between different host species is the trigger for many infectious disease outbreaks and emergence events, and ecosystem boundary areas have been suggested as spatial hotspots of spillover. This hypothesis is largely based on suspected higher rates of zoonotic disease spillover and emergence in fragmented landscapes and other areas where humans live in close vicinity to wildlife. For example, Ebola virus outbreaks have been linked to contacts between humans and infected wildlife at the rural-forest border, and spillover of yellow fever via mosquito vectors happens at the inte…

Globe-Trotting Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus: Risk Factors for Arbovirus Pandemics.

Introduction: Two species of Aedes (Ae.) mosquitoes (Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus) are primary vectors for emerging arboviruses that are a significant threat to public health and economic burden worldwide. Distribution of these vectors and the associated arboviruses, such as dengue virus, chikungunya virus, yellow fever virus, and Zika virus, was for a long time restricted by geographical, ecological, and biological factors. Presently, arbovirus emergence and dispersion are more rapid and geographically widespread, largely due to expansion of the range for these two mosquitoes that have expl…

Agreement Between Integrated Management of Childhood Illness and Final Diagnosis in Acute Respiratory Tract Infections.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the agreement between integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) and final diagnosis in patients presenting with cough at the second and third level health institutions. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 373 children aged 2-60 mo who presented with cough at the pediatric emergency and outpatient clinics in the Department of Pediatrics. After clinical examination of children, body temperature, respiratory rate, saturation, presence or absence of the chest indrawing, rales, wheezing and laryngeal stridor were recorded. Cases were categorized according to

Odorant-binding protein-based identification of natural spatial repellents for the African malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae.

There is increasing interest in the development of effective mosquito repellents of natural origin to reduce transmission of diseases such as malaria and yellow fever. To achieve this we have employed an in vitro competition assay involving odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) of the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, with a predominantly female expression bias to identify plant essential oils (EOs) containing bioactive compounds that target mosquito olfactory function. EOs and their fractions capable of binding to such OBPs displayed repellence against female mosquitoes in a laboratory repellent…

Регулирование распространения микрогутовых клеток оказывает воздействие на подверженность вирусу денге Aedes aegypti.

Aedes aegypti — вектор некоторых из наиболее серьезных трансмиссивных заболеваний, таких, как денге, чикунгунья, зика и желтая лихорадка, от которых страдают миллионы людей во всем мире. Клеточные процессы, которые следуют за едой крови в комаровом мешке, напрямую связаны с патогенной передачей. Мы изучали гомеостатическую реакцию среднего ствола на окислительный стресс, а также на инфекцию бактериальных и денге (DENV) с уделением особого внимания способности к размножению кишечных стволовых клеток (ISC). Из-за негибкости формации перитрофной матрицы (ТЧ) происходит увеличение производства реа

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Aedes aegypti is the vector of some of the most important vector-borne diseases like dengue, chikungunya, zika and yellow fever, affecting millions of people worldwide. The cellular processes that follow a blood meal in the mosquito midgut are directly associated with pathogen transmission. We studied the homeostatic response of the midgut against oxidative …

Изучение роли ГБФ1 в репликации вирусов РНК с положительными свойствами.

GBF1 стал одним из факторов, требующихся для воспроизведения вирусов РНК различных семей с положительными свойствами, но его механизм действий до сих пор не известен. GBF1 — коэффициент обмена гунанина нуклеотида для членов семьи Арфа. Недавно мы определили Arf4 и Arf5 (класс II Arfs) в качестве принимающих факторов, необходимых для репликации вируса гепатита С (HCV), вируса, зависящего от GBF1. Для оценки того, сохраняется ли траектория GBF1/класса II Arf среди вирусов РНК с положительной структурой, мы изучили вирус желтой лихорадки (YFV), вирус синдбиса (SINV), коксакевирус B4 (CVB4) и коро

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
GBF1 has emerged as a host factor required for the replication of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses of different families, but its … class II Arf pathway is conserved among positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses, we investigated yellow fever virus (YFV), Sindbis virus (SINV), coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) and human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E). We found that GBF1 is involved in the replication of these viruses. However, using siRNA or CRISPR-Cas9 technologies, it was seen that the depletion …

Development of a Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome-Specific Scale for Ulcerative Colitis: The Large Intestine Dampness-Heat Syndrome Questionnaire.

The aim of this study was to develop and validate the large intestine dampness-heat syndrome questionnaire (LIDHSQ) for patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). The domains and items of the LIDHSQ were developed according to standard procedures, namely, construct definition, item generation, language testing, content validity, pilot study, and validation study. At first, a total of 20 items in 3 domains were generated based on literature review and expert consultation. After the item selection, the LIDHSQ contains 11 items in three domains: disease-related domain (diarrhoea, abdominal pain, bloo

Genetic variability of Aedes aegypti in the department of Sucre, Colombia, by analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial ND4 gene.

Introduction. Aedes aegypti is the most important mosquito species in America for the transmission of viruses of dengue, Zika, Chikungunya and yellow fever. Ecological factors as well as chemical controls can affect the genetic composition of Ae. aegypti populations, which is why its genetic characterization is necessary. Objective. To determine the genetic variability of Ae. aegypti populations in four municipalities of Sucre department, Colombia. Materials and methods. Larvae of Ae. aegypti, collected in the municipalities of Sincelejo, Sampués, Corozal and Guaranda, Sucre department, were r…

Evaluation of Eosin-Methylene Blue as a Photosensitizer for Larval Control of Aedes aegypti by a Photodynamic Process.

Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) is a competent vector for transmitting important viral diseases such as yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya, and Zika. Several strategies have been applied to avoid Ae. aegypti proliferation by using environmental management, biological, and chemical approaches. However, the development of new methods for effective control of the insect vector population is still needed. Photodynamic control is an alternative way to control the vector population by using a physical approach based on the larval phototoxicity of a photosensitizer. In this context, the present study eval…