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Ex vivo expansion, adipogenesis and neurogenesis of cryopreserved human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.

This study aimed to investigate the potentials of ex vivo expansion and pluridifferentiation of cryopreserved adult human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) into adipocytes and neurocytes. Cryopreserved hMSCs were resuscitated and cultured for 15 passages, and then induced to adipocytes and neurocytes with corresponding induction medium. The induced cells were observed for morphological properties and expression of triglyceride or neuron-specific enolase and nestin was detected. The result showed that the resuscitated cells cultured in induction medium consisting of dexamethasone, 3-is

Age-related naturally occurring depression of hippocampal neurogenesis does not affect trace fear conditioning.

New neuron production throughout adulthood in granule cell layer (GCL) of rat hippocampus is a well-known phenomenon. A role of new neurons in hippocampal learning has been proposed, but the question is still open. A reduction of neural precursor proliferation in GCL of 2-month-old rats to about 20%, induced by the cytostatic agent methylazoxymethanol, was found to cause impairment in trace conditioning, suggesting a role of immature neurons in this kind of hippocampus-dependent learning (Shors et al., Hippocampus 2002;12:578-584). Neurogenesis decreases with increasing age. In this study, neu…

Administration of CD34+ cells after stroke enhances neurogenesis via angiogenesis in a mouse model.

Thrombo-occlusive cerebrovascular disease resulting in stroke and permanent neuronal loss is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. … ion in the ischemic zone and provides a favorable environment for neuronal regeneration. Endogenous neurogenesis, suppressed by an antiangiogenic agent, is accelerated as a result of enhanced migration of neuronal progenitor cells to the damaged area, followed by their maturation and functional recovery. Our data suggest an essential role for CD34(+) cells in …

Temporally specific burst in cell proliferation increases hippocampal neurogenesis in protracted abstinence from alcohol.

Adult neurogenesis is a newly considered form of plasticity that could contribute to brain dysfunction in psychiatric disease. Chronic alcoholism, a disease affecting over 8% of the adult population, produces cognitive impairments and decreased brain volumes, both of which are partially reversed during abstinence. Clinical data and animal models implicate the hippocampus, a region important in learning and memory. In a model of alcohol dependence (chronic binge exposure for 4 d), we show that adult neurogenesis is inhibited during dependence with a pronounced increase in new hippocampal neuron…

Notch promotes survival of neural precursor cells via mechanisms distinct from those regulating neurogenesis.

During development of the mammalian brain, many neural precursor cells (NPCs) undergo apoptosis. The regulation of such cell death, however, is poorly understood. We now show that the survival of mouse embryonic NPCs in vitro was increased by culture at a high cell density and that this effect was attributable to activation of Notch signaling. Expression of an active form of Notch1 thus markedly promoted NPC survival. Hes proteins, key effectors of Notch signaling in inhibition of neurogenesis, were not sufficient for the survival-promoting effect of Notch1. This effect of Notch1 required a re…

Neuroepithelial cells downregulate their plasma membrane polarity prior to neural tube closure and neurogenesis.

Cell differentiation often involves changes in cell polarity. In this study we show that neuroepithelial cells, the progenitors of all neuro … of plasma membrane polarity of neuroepithelial cells precedes neural tube closure and the onset of neurogenesis.

Fine-tuning neuron number: Lzts as a key regulator of neurogenesis and cell proliferation in Ciona.

How progenitor mitotic timing is coupled to the number of neurons in a nervous system remains poorly understood, in part because most model … determining the BTN number and suggest that this cell-cycle regulatory axis links proliferation to neurogenesis across chordates in vivo.

Role of Dlk1-Notch signaling in impaired neurogenesis and cognitive decline in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion.

Vascular dementia (VaD) is characterized by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, leading to cognitive decline. Impaired hippocampal neurogenesis is a crucial pathological feature of VaD. Delta-like 1 homolog (Dlk1)-Notch signaling may contribute to neural stem cell regulation, but the involvement of Dlk1-Notch signaling in impaired hippocampal neurogenesis during hypoperfusion is unclear. Here, we investigated the role of Dlk1 and Notch signaling in a mouse model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion induced by bilateral carotid artery stenosis (BCAS). We found that BCAS increased Dlk1 levels in hippoc…

Pax6 as a Therapeutic Target: Convergent Molecular Pathways in the Regulation of Aniridia, Neurogenesis, Neurodegeneration and Oncology.

Pax6 is a multifunctional transcription factor that orchestrates cell cycle progression at distinct stages of early embryonic neurogenesis and serves as a molecular mediator integrating multiple signaling pathways associated with pathological processes. Within this framework, Pax6 is regarded as an attractive molecular target for developing new drugs aimed at combating neurodegeneration, oncology, and aniridia. The present review aims to examine published studies describing various Pax6-dependent molecular pathways to identify common principles and condition-specific differences in Pax6-regula…

Importance of ultradian oscillations in neurogenesis during development and its implications for spinal cord regeneration.

The formation of a functional nervous system during development and its maintenance in adulthood rely on precise regulation of neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation and differentiation. During neurogenesis, progenitor cells use various cellular and molecular mechanisms to balance these processes. Among these, dynamic signal encoding, specifically ultradian oscillations, which are regular protein fluctuations occurring over a few hours, has emerged as a key mechanism underlying NSC fate decisions. In adults, reactivation of quiescent NSCs, proliferation, and differentiation are also controlled b…

The possible role of neurogenesis activators in temporal lobe epilepsy: State of art and future perspective.

Neurogenesis is a complex process by which the neurons and supporting cells of the central nervous system (CNS) are generated by neural stem cells. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) in the human brain is an active process during life and plays a critical role in the regulation of memory, cognition, and mood. It has been shown that epilepsy is linked with dysregulation of AHN. Of note, AHN is very sensitive to the pathological electrical stimuli during epileptic seizures, which result in the induction of neurogenesis in acute epilepsy and inhibition of neurogenesis in chronic epilepsy. Epile…

The dynamic impact of adult neurogenesis on pattern separation within the dentate gyrus neural network.

Pattern separation in the dentate gyrus (DG) is crucial for distinguishing similar memories. The DG continues to undergo neurogenesis throughout the lifespan, and adult hippocampus neurogenesis leads to the incorporation of thousands of adult-born granule cells (adult-born GCs) into the existing DG circuitry. These newborn GCs exhibit high excitability and are easier to respond to novel stimuli, which seems to be contrary to the requirement of pattern separation for high input specificity. Meanwhile, the changes brought about by the growth of adult-born GCs can not be ignored. Here, we build a…

Regulation of cortical neurogenesis by MED13L via transcriptional priming and its implications for MED13L syndrome.

Pathogenic variants in MED13L cause MED13L syndrome, a well-defined neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by motor deficits, intellectua … logy in the motor cortex. Single-cell transcriptomics and immunofluorescence reveal severe cortical neurogenesis deficits in Med13l knockout embryos, driven by impaired neural progenitor differentiation. Integrative multi-omics analyses reveal that MED13L orchestrates cortical neurogenesis by priming the transcriptional activation of key developmental genes, i …

The integral role of PTEN in brain function: from neurogenesis to synaptic plasticity and social behavior.

The phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) gene is a critical tumor suppressor that plays an essential role in the development and functionality of the central nervous system. Located on chromosome 10 in humans and chromosome 19 in mice, PTEN encodes a protein that regulates cellular processes such as division, proliferation, growth, and survival by antagonizing the PI3K‑Akt‑mTOR signaling pathway. In neurons, PTEN dephosphorylates phosphatidylinositol‑3,4,5‑trisphosphate (PIP3) to PIP2, thereby modulating key signaling cascades involved in neurogenesis, neuronal migrat…

The meninges host a unique compartment of regulatory T cells that bulwarks adult hippocampal neurogenesis.

UNLABELLED: Our knowledge about the meningeal immune system has recently burgeoned, particularly our understanding of how innate and adaptive effector cells are mobilized to meet brain challenges. However, information on how meningeal immunocytes guard brain homeostasis in healthy individuals remains sparse. This study highlights the heterogeneous and polyfunctional regulatory-T (Treg) cell compartment in the meninges. A Treg subtype specialized in controlling Th1-cell responses and another known to control responses in B-cell follicles were substantial components of this compartment, foretell

Constitutive Neurogenesis and Neuronal Plasticity in the Adult Cerebellum and Brainstem of Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss.

The central nervous system of Pacific salmon retains signs of embryonic structure throughout life and a large number of neuroepithelial neural stem cells (NSCs) in the proliferative areas of the brain, in particular. However, the adult nervous system and neurogenesis studies on rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, are limited. Here, we studied the localization of glutamine synthetase (GS), vimentin (Vim), and nestin (Nes), as well as the neurons formed in the postembryonic period, labeled with doublecortin (DC), under conditions of homeostatic growth in adult cerebellum and brainstem of Oncorhy…

A dynamic in vitro model of Down syndrome neurogenesis with trisomy 21 gene dosage correction.

Excess gene dosage from chromosome 21 (chr21) causes Down syndrome (DS), spanning developmental and acute phenotypes in terminal cell types. Which phenotypes remain amenable to intervention after development is unknown. To address this question in a model of DS neurogenesis, we derived trisomy 21 (T21) human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) alongside, otherwise, isogenic euploid controls from mosaic DS fibroblasts and equipped one chr21 copy with an inducible XIST transgene. Monoallelic chr21 silencing by XIST is near-complete and irreversible in iPSCs. Differential expression reveals th…

Astrocytic Alterations and Dysfunction in Down Syndrome: Focus on Neurogenesis, Synaptogenesis, and Neural Circuits Formation.

Down syndrome (DS) is characterized by severe neurodevelopmental alterations that ultimately lead to the typical hallmark of DS: intellectua … larly the dysregulation of key signaling pathways, which promote astrogliogenesis at the expense of neurogenesis. It further examines the implications of astrocytic alterations on dendritic branching, spinogenesis and synaptogenesis, and the impact of the abnormal astrocytic number in neural excitability and in the maintenance of the inhibitory/excitatory bala …

Астроцитизированный PTN уменьшает дефицит гиппокампального неврогенеза и когниции в моделях множественного склероза.

Множественный склероз (MS) — аутоиммунное воспалительное заболевание, которое приводит к моторным, сенсорным, когнитивным и эффективным расстройствам. Гиппокампальное обезвоживание, обычное явление в MS, связано с нарушенной когнитивной функцией и настроением. Несмотря на это, точные механизмы, лежащие в основе когнитивных нарушений в MS, по-прежнему остаются труднодостижимыми. Плейотропхин (PTN), скрытый нейронными стволовыми клетками и астроцитами, играет решающую роль в регулировании когниции. В этом исследовании изучается роль PTN на основе астроцитов. Мы обнаружили, что генетическое удале

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease that results in motor, sensory, cognitive, and affective deficit … astrocyte-derived PTN. We found that genetic deletion of astrocyte-derived PTN hinders hippocampal neurogenesis. Additionally, conditional ablation of PTN in astrocytes exacerbates neurogenic deficits in the demyelinated hippocampus. Importantly, overexpression of PTN in astrocytes reverses neurogenic and cognitive impairments caused by demyelination, undersc …

Differential staining patterns of immunohistochemical markers for neurogenesis staging in the premature cerebellum of ferrets and mice.

Immunohistochemical staining patterns of markers for neurogenesis staging were compared at the identical stage of cerebellar histogenesis between ferrets (aged 20 days) and mice (aged 10 days). Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunostaining was observed largely in the granular precursors of the external granular layer (EGL) in both ferrets and mice. PCNA-immunostaining was also found in brain lipid-binding protein-immunopositive cells in the internal granular layer and was more abundant in ferrets than in mice. Paired box 6 immunostaining appeared largely in the EGL granular precurso…