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[Significance of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in the ecology of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato].

BACKGROUND: Red deer (Cervus elaphus) is one of the most important host of the adult tick (Ixodes ricinus) which is the basic vector of the Lyme disease causative agent--Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Europe. The aim of the present study was to establish the role of red deer in the transmission of B. burgdorferi s.1. Material and methods. Tissues from 74 red deers were evaluated and the presence of B. burgdorferi s.1 DNA was identified using nested PCR technique based on fla gene. The identification of species belonging to B. burgdorferi s.1 complex was performed after restriction digestio…

Molecular detection of Babesia divergens and Mycoplasma wenyonii infection in cattle from Bosnia And Herzegovina.

We report two cases of bovine babesiosis caused by Babesia divergens in a region of central Bosnia and Herzegovina. The cases were detected … sative agent of bovine babesiosis. B. divergens DNA was also detected in two engorged female Ixodes ricinus ticks removed from these animals. In addition, Mycoplasma wenyonii DNA was identified by molecular screening in the animal examined in June 2017, and in I. ricinus ticks feeding on this animal. This study provides molecular confirmation of B. diverg …

Near-fatal poisoning after ricin injection.

OBJECTIVE: To report a near-fatal poisoning after intentional injection of ricin from a castor bean (Ricinus communis) extract. CASE REPORT: A 21 year-old man self-injected ∼3 mL of a castor bean extract intramuscularly and subcutaneously in the left antecubital fossa. Upon admission to our ED (1 h post-exposure; day 1, D1) he was awake and alert, but complained of mild local pain and showed slight local edema and erythema. He evolved to refractory shock (∼24 h post-exposure) that required the administration of a large volume of fluids and high doses of norepinephrine and vasopressin, mainly …

Land use intensity has an impact on Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato prevalence and genodiversity in ticks from Central Germany.

BACKGROUND: Ticks are important vectors of zoonotic pathogens, with Ixodes ricinus being the most abundant and main vector in Europe of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.), the causative agent of Lyme borreliosis. Both vector and reservoir hosts are dependent on habitat structure, which is anthropogenically influenced by land use intensity. This study aimed to analyse the prevalence of B. burgdorferi s.l. and their genodiversity in ticks along a land use gradient in grassland and forest in Central Germany. METHODS: Ticks were collected from 25 grassland and 25 forest sites by using the fla…

Исследования в области экологии вируса энцефалита, переносимого клещами, в Карпатском и Паннонском типах естественных фос.

В 1972-1982 годах в Карпатском и Паннонианском типах естественных фочи была изучена роль клеща " рикоды " в качестве векторов трансмиссивного вируса энцефалита (ТБЭ). Доля ВИЧ-инфицированных иксодов, инфицированных вирусом ТБЕ, в начальной фаси Карпаты колебалась от 0,37 до 4,1 процента, в то время как в начальной паннонской зоне она составляла от 0,07 до 6 процентов, соответственно. Вирус туберкулёз был изолирован от органов мелких грызунов в Карпатском и Паннонском типах естественных фаси. Была установлена корреляция между процентной долей инфицированных клещей и долей серопозитивн

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
During the years 1972-1982, the role of Ixodes ricinus ticks was studied as vectors of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus in the Carpathian and Pannonian types of natural foci. The proportion of TBE virus-infected Ixodes ricinus ticks in the Carpathian elementary foci varied from 0.37 to 4.1 per cent, while in the Pannonic elementary foci it ranged from 0.0…

Rickettsioses studies. 3. Natural foci of rickettsioses in south Bohemia.

Antibodies against Coxiella burnetii and against rickettsiae of the spotted fever group were found in human sera and in sera from domestic and wild animals collected in south Bohemia. Spotted fever group rickettsiae were also discovered in the tick Ixodes ricinus. These results indicate the presence of both types of rickettsiae in this part of Czechoslovakia. As no epizootics or epidemics of Q fever have as yet been reported in the area, it can be assumed that C. burnetii occurs in the latent state. The occurrence of spotted fever group rickettsiae is probably endemic among I. ricinus ticks an…

Quantitative ecology of ticks as a basis for transmission models of tick-borne pathogens.

Tick population ecology is the basis of spatiotemporal variation in the risk of infection by tick-borne pathogens. The continental distribution of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Europe is statistically associated with a specific pattern of the seasonal dynamics of Ixodes ricinus, and a particular characteristic of the seasonal land surface temperature profile. A tick population model would allow us to move from this statistical analysis to a biological, process-based model for TBE virus and the many other pathogens vectored by Ixodes spp. ticks in Europe and the United States. Long-term fiel…

Diversity of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks and small mammals from different habitats.

BACKGROUND: Ixodid ticks are important vectors for zoonotic pathogens, with Ixodes ricinus being the most important in Europe. Rodents are hosts of immature life stages of I. ricinus ticks and are considered main reservoirs for tick-borne pathogens, e.g. Borrelia burgdorferi. The aim of this study was to analyse the prevalence as well as genospecies and sequence type (ST) diversity of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks and small mammals from central Germany and to elaborate on the influence of environmental and/or individual host and vector factors on Borrelia prevalence. METHODS: After…

Pathophysiological profile of awake and anesthetized pigs following systemic exposure to the highly lethal ricin toxin.

Ricin, a plant-derived toxin originating from the seeds of Ricinus communis (castor bean plant), is one of the most lethal toxins known. To date, no in-depth study of systemic exposure to ricin in a standardized large animal model has been reported. This study details for the first time the pathophysiological hemodynamic profile following systemic/intramuscular exposure to the ricin toxin in a porcine model by comprehensive cardiorespiratory monitoring of awake and anesthetized pigs. Unlike respiratory exposure to ricin, which is characterized by the development of acute respiratory distress s…

[Scientific basis for prevention].

Lyme Borreliosis is the most common tick-transmitted disease in North America and Europe. Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato causes Lyme disease and is transmitted by a tick belonging to Ixodes genus. The risk of tick-borne infection depends on the ecology of ticks. The risk of human infection depends on the density of the tick population and its infection rate. The aim of this manuscript is to review the ecology of Ixodes ricinus the main vector of Lyme disease in Western Europe, the reservoir hosts, and studies on locations of Ixodes and Borrelia in France. Ixodes ricinus is widely distributed …

Babesia spp. and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in questing ticks, ticks parasitizing rodents and the parasitized rodents--analyzing the host-pathogen-vector interface in a metropolitan area.

BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to evaluate the host-tick-pathogen interface of Babesia spp. and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in restored areas in both questing and host-attached Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus and their small mammalian hosts. METHODS: Questing ticks were collected from 5 sites within the city of Leipzig, Germany, in 2009. Small mammals were trapped at 3 of the 5 sites during 2010 and 2011. DNA extracts of questing and host-attached I. ricinus and D. reticulatus and of several tissue types of small mammals (the majority bank voles and yellow-necked mice), were…

Tick bites on humans in the agricultural and recreational areas in south-eastern Poland.

The investigations were conducted in the Lublin province (south-eastern Poland) in areas of high agricultural and recreational value. Among the 418 patients admitted to medical clinics due to arthropod bites in the years 2003-2005, 184 people (44%) had been bitten by ticks. As shown by the research, high-risk groups include people whose stay in tick habitats is connected with their occupational work (54.5%) as well as recreation and tourism (45.5%). As many as 78.7% of the patients were attacked by Ixodes ricinus ticks in forests, and much fewer (31.3%) in other habitats located in urban and r…

Limited occurrence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) and Ixodes hexagonus in Great Britain.

Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Bbsl) are multi-host bacteria and the causative agents of the zoonotic disease, Lyme borreliosis, for which Ixodes spp. are the vectors. In Great Britain (GB), research to date has primarily focussed on Ixodes ricinus as the main tick transmitting this pathogen, while the role that the European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) and the hedgehog tick (Ixodes hexagonus) might have in the transmission cycle requires investigation. This study aimed to examine the occurrence of Bbsl infection in hedgehogs and I. hexagonus in GB; to characterise the species if present; …

The specificity of Babesia-tick vector interactions: recent advances and pitfalls in molecular and field studies.

BACKGROUND: Babesia spp. are protozoan parasites of great medical and veterinary importance, especially in the northern Hemisphere. Ticks ar … cal evidence of established Babesia-tick interactions. The best studied species of ticks are Ixodes ricinus, Dermacentor reticulatus and Ixodes scapularis (103 reports, i.e. 80% of total reports). Eco-epidemiological studies have confirmed a specific relationship between Babesia microti and Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes persulcatus, and Ixodes scapularis and als …

IrSPI, a tick serine protease inhibitor involved in tick feeding and Bartonella henselae infection.

Ixodes ricinus is the most widespread and abundant tick in Europe, frequently bites humans, and is the vector of several pathogens including those responsible for Lyme disease, Tick-Borne Encephalitis, anaplasmosis, babesiosis and bartonellosis. These tick-borne pathogens are transmitted to vertebrate hosts via tick saliva during blood feeding, and tick salivary gland (SG) factors are likely implicated in transmission. In order to identify such tick factors, we characterized the transcriptome of female I. ricinus SGs using next generation sequencing techniques, and compared transcriptomes betw…

[Persistence of bacteria and viruses in Ixodes].

Behaviour of viruses and salmonellas in ticks after their single or combined contamination was thoroughly studied on laboratory animals with bacteriemia or virusemia. When Ixodes ricinus was contaminated simultaneously with forest-spring encephalitis virus and salmonellas there were observed a decrease in the virus titer by the 30th-40th days and its death in 60 days. In case of the I. ricinus nymphs contamination, the virus titer after the combined contamination was by a factor of 10(2) lower in 60 days vs. the contamination with the virus alone and did not reach the contamination dose. The s…

Isolation and amplification by polymerase chain reaction DNA of Babesia microti and Babesia divergens in ticks in Poland.

Babesia microti and B. divergens, the etiological agents of human babesiosis, are transmitted by the bite of Ixodes ricinus. The purpose of this study was differentiation of those two species in ticks collected in urban woods in the city Szczecin (north-western Poland). The prevalence of the DNA of Babesia were investigated by PCR amplification with primers to the fragment from a gene encoding the nuclear small-subunit ribosomal RNA (SS-rDNA). We examined a total of 533 specimens of Ixodes ricinus. The mean infection rate was 16.3%. Our results indicate that a B. microti and B. divergens--spec…

No evidence of Borrelia mayonii in an endemic area for Lyme borreliosis in France.

BACKGROUND: Borrelia mayonii is currently the latest species belonging to the Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato) complex to be discovered. Interestingly it is involved in human pathology causing a high fever. We looked for its presence in post- tick bite febrile patients as well as in Ixodes ricinus ticks in an endemic area of France. RESULTS: After ensuring that our molecular technics correctly detected B. mayonii, 575 patients and 3,122 Ixodes ricinus nymphs were tested. Neither B. mayonii nor another species of the B. burgdorferi (s.l.) complex previously not reported in Europe has been ide…

Spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks, Morocco.

A total of 370 ticks, encompassing 7 species from 4 genera, were collected during 2002-2006 from domestic animals and vegetation in the Taza region of northeastern Morocco. Rickettsial DNA was identified in 101 ticks (27%) by sequencing PCR products of fragments of the citrate synthase and outer membrane protein genes of Rickettsia spp. Seven rickettsiae of the spotted fever group were identified, including 4 pathogens: R. aeschlimannii in Hyalomma marginatum marginatum, R. massiliae in Rhipicephalus sanguineus, R. slovaca in Dermacentor marginatus, and R. monacensis in Ixodes ricinus. Two sus…

Tick salivary gland extract-activated transmission of Borrelia afzelii spirochaetes.

Saliva-activated transmission of Borrelia afzelii Canica, Nato, du Merle, Mazie, Baranton et Postic, 1993 was demonstrated using salivary gland extract (SGE) from Ixodes ricinus (L., 1758) ticks and C3H mice. Injection of Borrelia spirochaetes together with SGE increased the level of bacteraemia and accelerated the appearance of bacteria in the urinary bladder, compared with the injection of spirochaetes alone. More I. ricinus nymphs became infected when feeding on mice inoculated with B. afzelii plus SGE. Analysis of cytokines produced by cells of draining lymph nodes from SGE-treated mice sh…