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[Oral, pharyngeal and neck infections in specialized care].

BACKGROUND, MATERIAL AND METHODS: All cases of acute dental, oral and pharyngeal infections that were referred to Mikkeli Central Hospital during a 25-month period were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Thirty-nine percent of the total of 394 cases needed intravenous antibiotics. Tonsillar infections were most prevalent (27%), followed by peritonsillar abscesses (25%) and dental infections (20%). Twenty patients (5%) had cervical or submandibular cellulitis or abscess requiring immediate surgery and an average 8.5 days of in-patient treatment. The most prevalent (45%) bacteriological result …

Prevalence of tonsillar human papillomavirus infections in Denmark.

The incidence of tonsillar carcinomas associated with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection has increased dramatically over the last three decades. In fact, currently in Scandinavia, HPV-associated cases account for over 80 % of tonsillar carcinoma cases. Yet, the epidemiology and natural history of tonsillar HPV infections remains poorly characterized. Our aim was to characterize such infections in the Danish population in tumor-free tonsillar tissue. Unlike previous studies, we considered both palatine tonsils. We examined both tonsils from 80 patients with peritonsillar abscess (n = 25) or c…

Fungal infections after liver transplantation: incidence and outcome.

BACKGROUND: Fungal infections, although less frequent than bacterial infections, represent a severe comorbidity with an exponential increase in mortality rate in liver transplantation patients. The incidence of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) after solid organ transplantation ranges from 7% to 42%, with Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. as the most common pathogens. Fungal infections in liver transplant recipients have been associated with poor outcome and mortality rates ranging from 65% to 90% for invasive aspergillosis and 30% to 50% for invasive candidiasis. The results largely depend on…

Infections in Recipients of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants

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… Natural History of Individual Infections after HSCT With advances in infection prevention strategies, the risk periods for some infections are changing. … infection. …

Modelling of human herpesvirus infections in humanized mice.

The human herpesviruses (HHVs) are remarkably successful human pathogens, with some members of the family successfully establishing infection in the vast majority of humans worldwide. Although many HHV infections result in asymptomatic infection or mild disease, there are rare cases of severe disease and death found with nearly every HHV. Many of the pathogenic mechanisms of these viruses are poorly understood, and in many cases, effective antiviral drugs are lacking. Only a single vaccine exists for the HHVs and researchers have been unable to develop treatments to cure the persistent infecti…

Eravacycline for the treatment of intra-abdominal infections.

INTRODUCTION: There has been a dramatic increase in the incidence of multidrug-resistant pathogens over the past few years, which highlights the need for new anti-infective therapeutics. Eravacycline is a novel, broad-spectrum synthetic tetracycline indicated for the treatment of severe infections caused by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. AREAS COVERED: In this review, the authors report eravacycline's pharmacokinetic characteristics and its microbiological spectrum of activity. Furthermore, the authors also highlight the safety and efficacy data from the recent studies on urinary a…

New diagnostic possibilities in systemic neonatal infections: metabolomics.

Systemic neonatal infection is a serious complication in preterm and term infants and is defined as a complex clinical syndrome caused by ba … ems to be a promising method for determining metabolic variations correlated with systemic neonatal infections.

Maternal genitourinary infections and the risk of gastroschisis.

Genitourinary infections (GUIs) have been associated with increased risk of gastroschisis in 2 studies. Using data collected in the Slone Epidemiology Center Birth Defects Study, we examined the association between GUI and gastroschisis. From 1998 to 2010, mothers of 249 gastroschisis cases and 7,104 controls were interviewed within 6 months of delivery about pregnancy events, including vaginal infections, genital herpes, urinary tract infections (UTIs), and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Women were considered exposed if they reported at least 1 instance of a GUI in the first trim…

[Arthroscopic therapy of septic hip infections in childhood].

OBJECTIVE: The treatment goal is to rapidly make a diagnosis and establish an effective arthroscopic therapy in order to allow the hip joint to develop normally throughout childhood with respect to anatomical and functional development. INDICATIONS: Coxarthritis suspected of being septic arthritis CONTRAINDICATIONS: No experience with arthroscopy, osteomyelitis of the dorsal femoral neck requiring an intervention. Relative contraindication: absence of cannulated systems. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: Arthroscopic lavage of the hip joint, including revision of the femoral neck and debridement of osteo

[Molecular pathological diagnostics of infections in orthopedic pathology].

The diagnosis of infections in patients with arthritis and/or in joint prostheses requires interdisciplinary cooperation and the application of up-to-date methods. The histological investigation of the synovial membrane allows the differentiation of acute, chronic and granulomatous synovialitis. Detection of conserved regions of the microbial genome by PCR, especially 16S rRNA for bacteria and 18S rRNA for fungi, is a broad approach for the classification of pathogens which cannot be cultured. Acute infectious arthritis and periprosthetic infections share the spectrum of pathogens with sepsis,…

Statins and postoperative infections: a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Observational studies, rather than randomized trials, revealed that statins might be associated with other benefits. OBJECTIVES … were used for cases and controls, respectively. The patients were evaluated for local and systemic infections during hospitalization and 10, 30, 60 and 90 days after discharge. RESULTS: A total of 149 patients, 78 men and 71 women with a mean age of 40.3 ± 16.5, were assigned to prophylactic protocols. 46 and 103 patients were in the case and control group …

[Potential utility of ceftaroline fosamil in osteoarticular infections].

Osteoarticular infections (OAI) include a wide-usually complex-spectrum of clinical scenarios. The approach is usually medical-surgical. In addition to this complexity, there is a low grade of evidence in the medical literature on these infections. Nevertheless, it is possible-and necessary-to integrate microbiological, pharmacological, experimental and clinical information to achieve the best possible clinical results. The most appropriate choice of antibiotic therapy largely depends on the clinical scenario and, obviously, on the microorganisms involved. Given the protagonism of staphylococc…

Disseminated Bacillus Calmette-Guerin infections after intravesical therapy.

Intravesical instillation of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the treatment of choice for superficial bladder carcinoma. Disseminated BCG infection presenting as granulomatous hepatitis or pneumonitis is a very rare complication of this treatment. Here we report a case series of seven patients previously treated with BCG presenting with pneumonitis. In two of the cases, identification of Mycobacterium bovis was achieved with molecular methods.

Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with bacterial infections.

INTRODUCTION: Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is defined by various clinical manifestations following the initiation of a … y drugs have been successfully used in case series. EXPERT OPINION: IRIS is mainly observed during infections (viral, fungal or bacterial) which involve inefficient macrophages for the clearance of bacteria, namely Actinobacteria such as Mycobacterium leprae, M. tuberculosis and Tropheryma whipplei. The restoration of macrophage competence after ART or anti …

Innate and adaptive immune responses in HCV infections.

Hepatitis C virus has been identified a quarter of a decade ago as a leading cause of chronic viral hepatitis that can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Only a minority of patients can clear the virus spontaneously during acute infection. Elimination of HCV during acute infection correlates with a rapid induction of innate, especially interferon (IFN) induced genes, and a delayed induction of adaptive immune responses. However, the majority of patients is unable to clear the virus and develops viral persistence in face of an ongoing innate and adaptive immune response. The virus

Innate immune viral recognition: relevance to CNS infections.

Innate immune responses mediated by mononuclear phagocytes represent the initial host response to acute viral infection. PRRs, including TLRs, retinoic RLRs,and NOD-like receptors, recognize viral nucleic acid and localized injury signals to initiate proinflammatory responses and activation of adaptive immunity. These responses are host- and viral-dependent. Neurotropic viruses, such as HSV, West Nile virus, and HIV activate and evade innate immune signaling mechanisms by distinct mechanisms. These highly complex pathogen-host interactions determine establishment of infection, severity of clin

Neglected parasitic infections in the United States: trichomoniasis.

Trichomonas vaginalis is one of the most common human parasitic infections in the United States, as well as the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infection. However, it has long received much less consideration than other parasitic and sexually transmitted diseases. Much of this inattention can be attributed to a poor understanding of the public health impact of trichomoniasis. Increasing recognition of the sequelae of infection, including increased risk of infection with human immunodeficiency virus and adverse outcomes of pregnancy, has led to increased interest in T. vaginalis. …