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Nanoimmunotherapy: the smart trooper for cancer therapy.

Immunotherapy has gathered significant attention and is now a widely used cancer treatment that uses the body's immune system to fight cancer. Despite initial successes, its broader clinical application is hindered by limitations such as heterogeneity in patient response and challenges associated with the tumor immune microenvironment. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have offered innovative solutions to these barriers, providing significant enhancements to cancer immunotherapy. Nanotechnology-based approaches exhibit multifaceted mechanisms, including effective anti-tumor immune response

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… Myofibroblasts, actively aid in wound healing and can be reversibly produced from fibroblasts that ordinarily exist within tissues upon injury. … TGF-β signaling activates myofibroblasts, which then go on to acquire traits like proliferation, contractile qualities, secretory phenotypes, and ECM synthesis that are crucial for wound healing. Tumors have been aptly termed “wounds that never heal” [ 29 ]. …

Drug-Induced Pulmonary Toxicity in the Era of Immunotherapy and Biologics: A Narrative Review of Mechanism, Diagnosis, and Management.

Drug-induced interstitial lung disease (DI-ILD) has emerged as a clinically significant complication associated with a broadening spectrum of therapeutic agents. DI-ILD can result in significant morbidity and mortality if not promptly diagnosed and treated. In this review, we synthesize current evidence concerning the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies of DI-ILD, with focused emphasis on three major therapeutic groups: immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) t

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… In contrast, TNF-alpha can promote fibrosis by increasing TGF-β1 expression in the lungs, activating specific fibroblasts pathways and directly stimulating myofibroblasts collagen synthesis [ 11 , 55 ]. …

Radioprotectors & mitigators in radiation therapy: Harnessing diverse pathways for optimizing clinical outcomes.

Radioprotectors are agents that protect normal tissues from the harmful effects of radiation during cancer treatment. Combining these protective agents with advanced radiotherapy techniques such as stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) and proton therapy offers a promising strategy to enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing normal tissue toxicity. However, despite extensive research and the identification of numerous potential radioprotectors, only a few have made it into clinical practice. It is primarily because the transition from laboratory research to clinical application faces sign

Dose-escalation studies of mesenchymal stromal cell therapy for decompensated liver cirrhosis: phase Ia/Ib results and immune modulation insights.

Decompensated liver cirrhosis (DLC) is characterized by severe liver dysfunction and immune dysregulation, posing significant treatment challenges. Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) therapy has shown promise in DLC treatment, but the optimal dosing strategies and dose-dependent therapeutic mechanisms in humans remain unclear, limiting its clinical application. We conducted sequential Phase Ia/Ib trials using a single-arm, dose-escalation design to evaluate the safety and tolerability of MSC therapy in DLC patients while also exploring its immunomodulatory effects and gathering preliminary therape

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… Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells differentiate to hepatic myofibroblasts by transforming growth factor-beta1 via sphingosine kinase/sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)/S1P receptor axis. Am. J. Pathol. 181 , 85–97 (2012). 34. Lanthier, N. et al. …

The Application of Aptamer and Research Progress in Liver Disease.

Aptamers, as a kind of small-molecule nucleic acid, have attracted much attention since their discovery. Compared with biological reagents such as antibodies, aptamers have the advantages of small molecular weight, low immunogenicity, low cost, and easy modification. At present, aptamers are mainly used in disease biomarker discovery, disease diagnosis, treatment, and targeted drug delivery vectors. In the process of screening and optimizing aptamers, it is found that there are still many problems need to be solved such as the design of the library, optimization of screening conditions, the tr

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… During liver injury, inflammation, and repair, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) located in the perisinusoidal space are activated and transformed into myofibroblasts (MFCS). MFCS produce large amounts of collagen, mainly extracellular matrix (ECM), resulting in liver fibrosis [ 120 , 121 ]. …

The Therapeutic Potential of Secreted Factors from Dental Pulp Stem Cells for Various Diseases.

An alternative source of mesenchymal stem cells has recently been discovered: dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), including deciduous teeth, which can thus comprise potential tools for regenerative medicine. DPSCs derive from the neural crest and are normally implicated in dentin homeostasis. The clinical application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) involving DPSCs contains various limitations, such as high cost, low safety, and cell handling issues, as well as invasive sample collection procedures. Although MSCs implantation offers favorable outcomes on specific diseases, implanted MSCs cannot su

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… The shift from the exudative phase to the proliferative phase is characterized by fibroblast proliferation and differentiation in myofibroblasts and excessive extracellular matrix deposition. …

Targeting Cancer Stem Cell Markers or Pathways: A Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Oral Cancer Treatment.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small subset of cancer cells with stem cell-like properties, self-renewal potential, and differentiation capacity into multiple cell types. Critical genetic alterations or aberrantly activated signaling pathways associated with drug resistance and recurrence have been observed in multiple types of CSCs. In this context, CSCs are considered to be responsible for tumor initiation, growth, progression, therapeutic resistance, and metastasis. Therefore, to effectively eradicate CSCs, tremendous efforts have been devoted to identify specific target molecules that play

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… CD34＋ fibrocytes, alpha-smooth muscle antigen-positive myofibroblasts, and CD117 expression in the stroma of invasive squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx. Virchows Arch. 2004;444:231–234. doi: 10.1007/s00428-003-0965-1. 121. Hill RP, Marie-Egyptienne DT, Hedley DW. …

Repurposing drugs in oncology (ReDO)-selective PDE5 inhibitors as anti-cancer agents.

Selective phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors, including sildenafil, tadalafil and vardenafil, are widely-used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension. They are also well-known as examples of successful drug repurposing in that they were initially developed for angina and only later developed for erectile dysfunction. However, these drugs may also be effective cancer treatments. A range of evidentiary sources are assessed in this paper and the case made that there is pre-clinical and clinical evidence that these drugs may offer clinical benefit in a range of can

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… Tissue injury and hypoxia promote malignant progression of prostate cancer by inducing CXCL13 expression in tumor myofibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014;111(41):14776–14781. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1416498111. 92. Zhu B, Strada SJ. …

Regulatory T cells and immune escape in HCC: understanding the tumor microenvironment and advancing CAR-T cell therapy.

Liver cancer, which most commonly manifests as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is the sixth most common cancer in the world. In HCC, the immune system plays a crucial role in the growth and proliferation of tumor cells. HCC achieve immune escape through the tumor microenvironment, which significantly promotes the development of this cancer. Here, this article introduces and summarizes the functions and effects of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the tumor microenvironment, highlighting how Tregs inhibit and regulate the functions of immune and tumor cells, cytokines, ligands and receptors, etc, t

Defining neuroblastoma: From origin to precision medicine.

Neuroblastoma (NB), a heterogenous pediatric tumor of the sympathetic nervous system, is the most common and deadly extracranial solid malignancy diagnosed in infants. Numerous efforts have been invested in understanding its origin and in development of novel curative targeted therapies. Here, we summarize the recent advances in the identification of the cell of origin and the genetic alterations occurring during development that contribute to NB. We discuss current treatment regimens, present and future directions for the identification of novel therapeutic metabolic targets, differentiation

How the mechanical microenvironment of stem cell growth affects their differentiation: a review.

Stem cell differentiation is of great interest in medical research; however, specifically and effectively regulating stem cell differentiation is still a challenge. In addition to chemical factors, physical signals are an important component of the stem cell ecotone. The mechanical microenvironment of stem cells has a huge role in stem cell differentiation. Herein, we describe the knowledge accumulated to date on the mechanical environment in which stem cells exist, which consists of various factors, including the extracellular matrix and topology, substrate stiffness, shear stress, hydrostati

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… Shear-stressed groove structures can promote the differentiation of BMSCs into myofibroblasts [ 53 ]. The hBMSCs embedded in the 3D scaffold are subjected to shear stress to produce a typical tendonogenic phenotype and promote the expression of tendon gene markers [ 54 ]. …

Communication in the Cancer Microenvironment as a Target for Therapeutic Interventions.

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex system composed of multiple cells, such as non-cancerous fibroblasts, adipocytes, immune and vascular cells, as well as signal molecules and mediators. Tumor cells recruit and reprogram other cells to produce factors that maintain tumor growth. Communication between cancerous and surrounding cells is a two-way process and engages a diverse range of mechanisms that, in consequence, can lead to rapid proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance, or can serve as a tumors-suppressor, e.g., through tumor-immune cell interaction. Cross-talk within the

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… TGF-β-induced differentiation into myofibroblasts involves specific regulation of two MKL1 isoforms. J. Cell Sci. 2014;127:1079–1091. doi: 10.1242/jcs.142075. 18. Aasen T., Leithe E., Graham S.V., Kameritsch P., Mayán M.D., Mesnil M., Pogoda K., Tabernero A. …

Noninfectious pulmonary complications of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is an established treatment for a variety of malignant and nonmalignant conditions. Pulmonary complications, both infectious and noninfectious, are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients who undergo HSCT. Recent advances in prophylaxis and treatment of infectious complications has increased the significance of noninfectious pulmonary conditions. Acute lung injury associated with idiopathic pneumonia syndrome remains a major acute complication with high morbidity and mortality. On the other hand, bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome is

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… COP results from alveolar epithelial injury, causing an infiltration of inflammatory cells that later result in the formation of intra-alveolar buds of granulation tissue, consisting of intermixed myofibroblasts and connective tissue [ 81 ]. …

Plasma Cell Disorders

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The Fifth International Meeting of ISEV, ISEV2016, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 4 - 7 May, 2016.

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Harnessing the tumor microenvironment: targeted cancer therapies through modulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is integral to cancer progression, impacting metastasis and treatment response. It consists of diverse cell types, extracellular matrix components, and signaling molecules that interact to promote tumor growth and therapeutic resistance. Elucidating the intricate interactions between cancer cells and the TME is crucial in understanding cancer progression and therapeutic challenges. A critical process induced by TME signaling is the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), wherein epithelial cells acquire mesenchymal traits, which enhance their motility and inva

Targeting Cellular Senescence in Aging and Age-Related Diseases: Challenges, Considerations, and the Emerging Role of Senolytic and Senomorphic Therapies.

Cellular senescence is characterized by the permanent arrest of cell proliferation and is a response to endogenous and exogenous stress. The continuous accumulation of senescent cells (SnCs) in the body leads to the development of aging and age-related diseases (such as neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, metabolic diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and osteoarthritis). In the face of the growing challenge of aging and age-related diseases, several compounds have received widespread attention for their potential to target SnCs. As a result, senolytics (compounds that selectively eliminate SnCs

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… In vivo studies found that the number of senescent renal tubular epithelial cells and myofibroblasts was significantly reduced after fisetin treatment, thereby alleviating renal fibrosis and reducing SASP expression [ 161 ]. … stem cell | - | Rejuvenation of the hematopoietic and muscular systems in aging mice | [ 149 ] Chondrocyte | Post-traumatic osteoarthritis | Reduces inflammation levels and promotes cartilage matrix aggregation in osteoarthritis | [ 151 ] Natural Compounds | Fisetin | Renal tubular epithelial cell and myofibroblast …

Chemokines and their receptors in the esophageal carcinoma tumor microenvironment: key factors for metastasis and progression.

Esophageal carcinoma (ESCA) is a highly malignant tumor with the highest incidence in Eastern Asia. Although treatment modalities for ESCA have advanced in recent years, the overall prognosis remains poor, as most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage of the disease. There is an urgent need to promote early screening for ESCA to increase survival rates and improve patient outcomes. The development of ESCA is closely linked to the complex tumor microenvironment (TME), where chemokines and their receptors play pivotal roles. Chemokines are a class of small-molecule, secreted proteins and c

Review of Adoptive Cellular Therapies for the Treatment of Sarcoma.

Sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of malignancies with limited therapeutic options, particularly in the metastatic setting. Adoptive cellular therapies (ACTs), including tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, and T-cell receptor (TCR) gene-modified T-cell therapy, offer promising novel approaches for these refractory tumors. TIL-based therapy has demonstrated early efficacy in melanoma and myeloma, with ongoing trials exploring its role in sarcoma. CAR T-cell strategies targeting HER2, GD2, and B7-H3 antigens are in development, though cha

Advances in α-Lipoic Acid for Disease Prevention: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Insights.

α-Lipoic acid (ALA) is a naturally occurring compound with diverse biological functions, widely distributed in animal and plant tissues. It has attracted considerable attention due to its versatile therapeutic potential. However, despite these promising prospects, the clinical application of ALA remains limited by its low bioavailability and chemical instability and an incomplete understanding of its multifaceted mechanisms across various diseases. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the biochemical properties of ALA, including its direct free-radical-scavenging activity, regenera