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Growth of twins conceived using assisted reproductive treatments up to 5 years old: a national growth cohort.

STUDY QUESTION: Do twins conceived through assisted reproductive treatments (ART) grow differently from naturally conceived (NC) twins in early life? SUMMARY ANSWER: Assessments at 6-8 weeks old and at school entry show that ART twins conceived from frozen embryo transfer (FET) grow faster than both NC twins and ART twins conceived from fresh embryo transfer (ET). WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Singletons born from fresh ET grow more slowly in utero and in the first few weeks of life but then show postnatal catch-up growth by school age, compared to NC and FET babies. Evidence on early child growth

Clinical effectiveness of telepharmacy services in patients with non-communicable diseases in ambulatory care settings.

RATIONALE: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as hypertension, diabetes, and asthma, require continuous medication management. However, medication adherence remains suboptimal. Telepharmacy-defined as pharmacist-led care delivered remotely via telephone, video, or digital platforms-may improve adherence and clinical outcomes while addressing access barriers, but uncertainty remains regarding clinical effectiveness and generalisability. A systematic review is warranted to assess whether telepharmacy improves medication adherence, safety, and other key outcomes compared with usual care. OBJ

SARS-CoV-2 incidence, transmission, and reinfection in a rural and an urban setting: results of the PHIRST-C cohort study, South Africa, 2020-21.

BACKGROUND: By August, 2021, South Africa had been affected by three waves of SARS-CoV-2; the second associated with the beta variant and the third with the delta variant. Data on SARS-CoV-2 burden, transmission, and asymptomatic infections from Africa are scarce. We aimed to evaluate SARS-CoV-2 burden and transmission in one rural and one urban community in South Africa. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study of households in Agincourt, Mpumalanga province (rural site) and Klerksdorp, North West province (urban site) from July, 2020 to August, 2021. We randomly selected households

Calorie (energy) labelling for changing selection and consumption of food or alcohol.

BACKGROUND: Overconsumption of food and consumption of any amount of alcohol increases the risk of non-communicable diseases. Calorie (energy) labelling is advocated as a means to reduce energy intake from food and alcoholic drinks. However, there is continued uncertainty about these potential impacts, with a 2018 Cochrane review identifying only a small body of low-certainty evidence. This review updates and extends the 2018 Cochrane review to provide a timely reassessment of evidence for the effects of calorie labelling on people's selection and consumption of food or alcoholic drinks. OBJE

Altering the availability or proximity of food, alcohol, and tobacco products to change their selection and consumption.

BACKGROUND: Overconsumption of food, alcohol, and tobacco products increases the risk of non-communicable diseases. Interventions to change characteristics of physical micro-environments where people may select or consume these products - including shops, restaurants, workplaces, and schools - are of considerable public health policy and research interest. This review addresses two types of intervention within such environments: altering the availability (the range and/or amount of options) of these products, or their proximity (the distance at which they are positioned) to potential consumers

Altering the availability or proximity of food, alcohol, and tobacco products to change their selection and consumption.

BACKGROUND: Overconsumption of food, alcohol, and tobacco products increases the risk of non-communicable diseases. Interventions to change characteristics of physical micro-environments where people may select or consume these products - including shops, restaurants, workplaces, and schools - are of considerable public health policy and research interest. This review addresses two types of intervention within such environments: altering the availability (the range and/or amount of options) of these products, or their proximity (the distance at which they are positioned) to potential consumers

Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

BACKGROUND: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk-outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk-outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk-outcome associations. METHODS: We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and

Physical activity for the management of obesity in children up to the age of 9 years.

RATIONALE: Childhood obesity is a major global public health concern. Although physical activity is recognised as an effective non-pharmacological intervention, most existing evidence synthesis has primarily focused on the role of physical activity in preventing obesity, with limited attention given to its effects on managing children with obesity. OBJECTIVES: To synthesise evidence on the benefits and harms of physical activity for the management of obesity in children up to 9 years of age. SEARCH METHODS: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and two trial registries from 2012 to 2 June 20

Burden of non-communicable diseases in Tunisia, 1990-2017: results from the global burden of disease study.

Introductionnon-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide especially in developing countries such as Tunisia. We aimed to describe the national burden of non-communicable diseases in 2017 and to analyze disability-adjusted life year trends from 1990 to 2017 in Tunisia by cause and gender.Methodswe used Joinpoint regression analysis to assess trends of the age standardized disability-adjusted life year rate from 1990 to 2017 and to determine average annual percentage change.Resultsnon-communicable diseases accounted for 87.7% of total disability-ad

Integration of exercise prescription into medical provision as a treatment for non-communicable diseases: A scoping review.

BackgroundThe purpose of this scoping review is to stimulate interest and to raise awareness, among researchers, healthcare practitioners, and policymakers regarding the current scientific literature related to exercise prescription for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Exercise prescription is a safe and cost-effective method that enables physicians to use exercise as a complementary addition to NCDs management and treatment.MethodsThis scoping review followed the PRISMA Extension Guidelines for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation. Using this framework, we considered infor

Burden and temporal trends of non-communicable diseases from 1990 to 2021 and prediction to 2035 in the group of twenty countries: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.

BackgroundNon-communicable diseases (NCDs) represent a major global public health threat, closely linked to disruptions in host-microbe symbiosis and metabolic homeostasis. The Group of Twenty (G20) comprises the world's major economic powers with diverse developmental stages, yet the NCD burden and its potential implications for host and ecosystem resilience remain poorly characterized across these nations. This study aimed to systematically estimate the burden, temporal trends, and future projections of NCDs from 1990 to 2021 and up to 2035 in G20 countries.MethodsUsing data from the Global

Potential health and economic impact of achieving Kenya's overweight and obesity reduction target: a modelling study.

IntroductionKenya has adopted the WHO target of halting the rise of overweight, including obesity, by 2025. This paper assesses the potential impact of achieving the set target on health, healthcare cost and productivity.MethodsWe used a proportional multistate life table model (Kenya Obesity Model) to simulate the 2019 population of Kenya over their lifetime. We compared a scenario in which body mass index (BMI) distributions stabilise in 2025 against one whose BMI distributions stabilise in 2044, and quantified changes in disease-specific health outcomes, healthcare costs and productivity. W

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… Stakeholder perceptions of current practices and challenges in priority setting for non-communicable disease control in Kenya: a qualitative study. BMJ Open. 2021;11:e043641. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043641. 17. …

Factors related to the change in Swiss inpatient costs by disease: a 6-factor decomposition.

There is currently little systematic knowledge about the contribution of different factors to the increase in health care spending in high-income countries such as Switzerland. The aim of this paper is to decompose inpatient care costs in the Swiss canton of Zurich by 100 diseases and 42 age/sex groups and to assess the contribution of six factors to the change in aggregate costs between 2013 and 2017. These six factors are population size, age and sex structure, inpatient treated prevalence, utilization in terms of stays per patient, length of stay per case, and costs per treatment day. Using

The burden of premature mortality in Spain using standard expected years of life lost: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Measures of premature mortality have been used to guide debates on future health priorities and to monitor the population health status. Standard expected years of life lost (SEYLL) is one of the methods used to assess the time lost due to premature death. This article affords an overview of premature mortality in Spain for the year 2008. METHODS: A population-based study was conducted estimating SEYLL by sex and age groups. SEYLL, a key component of the disability-adjusted life years measure of disease burden, was calculated using Princeton West standard life tables with life exp

The burden of disease in Spain: results from the global burden of disease study 2010.

BackgroundWe herein evaluate the Spanish population's trends in health burden by comparing results of two Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Studies (the GBD studies) performed 20 years apart.MethodsData is part of the GBD study for 1990 and 2010. We present results for mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for the Spanish population. Uncertainty intervals for all measures have been estimated.ResultsNon-communicable diseases accounted for 3,703,400 (95% CI 3,648,270-3,766,720) (91.3%) of 4,057,400 total

Demographic, epidemiological, and health transitions: are they relevant to population health patterns in Africa?

BackgroundStudies of trends in population changes and epidemiological profiles in the developing world have overwhelmingly relied upon the concepts of demographic, epidemiological, and health transitions, even though their usefulness in describing and understanding population and health trends in developing countries has been repeatedly called into question. The issue is particularly relevant for the study of population health patterns in Africa and sub-Saharan Africa, as the history and experience there differs substantially from that of Western Europe and North America, for which these conce