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Uptake of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes in Mouse Brain through Intranasal Delivery.

INTRODUCTION: Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles that widely participate in intercellular communication. An increasing number of … ranasal delivery. However, a small number of exosomes were found in the olfactory bulb, cortex, and hippocampus of 2-month-old mice, with no exosomes observed in the cerebellum. In contrast, a large number of exosomes were ingested in all brain regions, including the olfactory bulb, cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum, of >6-month-old mice. CONCLUSION: Exoso …

ZD7288 ameliorates long-term cerebral ischemia reperfusion-induced deterioration of spatial memory by regulating the expressions of NMDA receptor subunits in rats.

To study the effect of inhibition of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel (HCN) on spatial memory with cerebra … detect the expressions of HCN1, HCN2, and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) subunits in the hippocampus. The expression changes of NMDAR subunits were applied by immunohistochemistry in different hippocampus regions. Our study found that ZD7288 could improve the spatial memory deficits induced by IR and exert neuroprotective effects. The possible mech …

The gut microbiota-brain axis in Alzheimer's disease model mice.

The gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in the pathogeneses of Alzheimer's disease (AD), influencing neuroinflammation and disease progressi … ce. Congo red staining and thioflavin-S staining were used to detect Aβ plaques accumulation in the hippocampus and cortex. 16S rRNA sequencing was used to elucidated the bacteria changes between the APP/PS1 and WT mice. The results of immunofluorescence and pathological stainings exhibited that the APP/PS1 mice showed significant increase of Aβ deposition an …

Do serum endocannabinoid and N-acylethanolamine concentrations reflect their brain levels in two different rat stress models?

BACKGROUND: Although the brain is not the only source of circulating endocannabinoids and their levels can be affected by many factors, it i … elevated plus maze tests were performed. Endocannabinoid and N-acylethanolamine levels in serum and hippocampus, amygdala and cortex were assessed using LC-MS/MS. RESULTS: We observed significant increases in anandamide (AEA), palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and oleoethylethanolamide (OEA) levels in the amygdala and hippocampus in both models except PEA in amygd …

MRI markers of neuroinflammation in untreated patients with subclinical generalized anxiety disorder.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is characterized by excessive worry and physical symptoms of prolonged anxiety. Patients with subclinical … roinflammatory markers (DBSI-RF, diffusion-based spectral imaging-based restricted fraction) in the hippocampus, amygdala, and neocortex. The patients completed the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7), and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). Compared to controls, sub-GAD individuals had significa …

Exercise for brain health: From cells to circuits.

Exercise has been central to human brain evolution. Genus Homo was a nomadic species that constantly explored novel environments, which requires the encoding of new spatial and contextual patterns and the consolidation and recall of details to localize potential food and avoid danger, functions associated with the hippocampus. Interestingly, no primates other than humans run long distances over extended periods using aerobic metabolism, a capacity described as endurance running (ER). It has been hypothesized that ER capacity may have had relevant effects on the evolution of brain structure and…

Expression of GDAP1 Gene Correlates With Alcohol Deprivation Effect.

Alcohol addiction is a widespread disease, and the exact causes and consequences are still not fully determined. Neurotransmitters and neuronal circuits are not only the target structure of alcohol and responsible for its direct effects but also play a central role in the development of addiction. A gene that has been linked to alcohol use disorder in recent studies is the ganglioside-induced differentiation-associated protein 1 (GDAP1) gene. The present study focuses on the hippocampus, a brain region particularly vulnerable to alcohol and rich in Gdap1 gene expression. Using an established d…

Neurodevelopmental abnormalities underlying behavioral deficits in a model of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea.

RATIONALE: Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea (POSA) is a relatively common childhood sleep disorder whose neurodevelopmental phenotype inclu … IN RESULTS: POSA mice showed deficits in postnatal neurogenesis in both the subventricular zone and hippocampus. Specifically, we discovered fewer neural stem cells, neuroblasts, and newborn neurons in POSA mice. CONCLUSIONS: This reduction in developmental neurogenesis was coupled with impaired functional integration of post exposure born neurons in the hip …

A Case of Late-Onset Semantic Dementia With Right-Predominant Temporal Lobe Atrophy due to Primary Tauopathy.

Semantic dementia (SD) is a type of dementia characterized by a loss of semantic memory, typically presenting with left-predominant temporal lobe atrophy and a frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 (FTLD-TDP) type C pathology. However, atypical variants, such as those with a late-onset or right-predominant atrophy, exhibit considerable pathological diversity. We report an 81-year-old woman with atypical SD who presented with impaired naming, mild word comprehension deficits, and prosopagnosia. Brain MRI revealed right-predominant atrophy in the amygdala, hippocampus, and anterior tempo…

A single-nucleus transcriptomic analysis reveals hippocampal neuronal alterations linked to anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in IBD model mice.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is a chronic inflammatory disorder that often has extraintestinal manifestations. Anxiety and depression are common in patients with IBD. Recent studies have demonstrated that the hippocampus contributes to the pathogenesis of psychiatric comorbidities in IBD. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the cellular and molecular changes in the hippocampus before and after the induction of colitis through single-nucleus sequencing technology, thus providing insights into the comorbidity mechanisms. Colitis mouse m…

Воздействие стресса на нейронную клетку: морфологический подход к молекулярному подходу.

Стресс можно охарактеризовать как любую предполагаемую или реальную угрозу, которая требует компенсационных мер для сохранения гомеостаза. Он может со временем изменить поведение организма, постоянно изменяя состав и функциональность мозговой цепи. Amygdala и префронтальная кора являются двумя взаимосвязанными областями мозга, которые были объектом первоначальных исследований на тему стрессовой структуры и функциональной пластичности мозга, причем гиппокамп служит отправной точкой для большинства этих знаний. Продолжительный стресс вызывает значительные морфологические изменения в таких важных

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Stress can be characterized as any perceived or actual threat that necessitates compensatory actions to maintain homeostasis. It can alter a … en the focus of initial research on stress and brain structural and functional plasticity, with the hippocampus serving as the entry point for most of this knowledge. Prolonged stress causes significant morphological alterations in important brain regions such as the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex. Memory, learning, and emotional regulation are …

Dynamic mitophagy trajectories hallmark brain aging.

Studies using mitophagy reporter mice have established steady-state landscapes of mitochondrial destruction in mammalian tissues, sparking i … rain is cell-specific, dynamic and complex. Mitophagy increases significantly in the cerebellum and hippocampus during midlife, while remaining unchanged in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Conversely, macroautophagy decreases in the hippocampus and PFC, but remains stable in the cerebellum. We also describe emergent lysosomal heterogeneity, with subsets of diffe …

Inhibition of Granule Cell Dispersion and Seizure Development by Astrocyte Elevated Gene-1 in a Mouse Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy.

Although granule cell dispersion (GCD) in the hippocampus is known to be an important feature associated with epileptic seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), the endogenous molecules that regulate GCD are largely unknown. In the present study, we have examined whether there is any change in AEG-1 expression in the hippocampus of a kainic acid (KA)-induced mouse model of TLE. In addition, we have investigated whether the modulation of astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) expression in the dentate gyrus (DG) by intracranial injection of adeno-associated virus 1 (AAV1) influences pathological ph…

Targeting the postsynaptic scaffolding protein PSD-95 enhances BDNF signaling to mitigate depression-like behaviors in mice.

Signaling mediated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is supported by the postsynaptic scaffolding protein PSD-95, has antidepressant effects. Conversely, clinical depression is associated with reduced BDNF signaling. We found that peptidomimetic compounds that bind to PSD-95 promoted signaling by the BDNF receptor TrkB in the hippocampus and reduced depression-like behaviors in mice. The compounds CN2097 and Syn3 both bind to the PDZ3 domain of PSD-95, and Syn3 also binds to an α-helical region of the protein. Syn3 reduced depression-like behaviors in two mouse models of stres…

Intrinsic Infant Hippocampal Function Supports Inhibitory Processing.

Impaired cerebral inhibition is commonly observed in neurodevelopmental disorders and may represent a vulnerability factor for their development. The hippocampus plays a key role in inhibition among adults and undergoes significant and rapid changes during early brain development. Therefore, the structure represents an important candidate region for early identification of pathology that is relevant to inhibitory dysfunction. To determine whether hippocampal function corresponds to inhibition in the early postnatal period, the present study evaluated relationships between hippocampal activity …

Nedl1 knockout impaired the learning and memory of mice.

BACKGROUND: Protein ubiquitination is a common post-translational modification involved in protein degradation and various life processes in … earning and memory. Nedl1 knockout did not affect the number of neurons and oligodendrocytes in the hippocampus. Astrocytes proliferated in the hippocampus of Nedl1-/- mice. The amino acid metabolism of Nedl1+/+and Nedl1-/- mice is different, especially the increase in proline and tryptophan. CONCLUSION: This study showed that Nedl1 knockout impaired learnin …

TREM2 alleviates long-term cognitive dysfunction after subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice by attenuating hippocampal neuroinflammation via PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) often leads to long-term cognitive deficits in patients, particularly due to injury to brain regions such as the hippocampus. This study aims to investigate the role of the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) in mitigating hippocampal injury and associated cognitive impairments following SAH. To explore the protective effects of TREM2, we utilized the TREM2 agonist COG1410 to upregulate TREM2 expression and employed TREM2 knockout (KO) mice to verify the necessity of TREM2 for this protective role. The study further examined the involvement of…

Measurement of synaptic density in Down syndrome using PET imaging: a pilot study.

Down syndrome (DS) is the most prevalent genetic cause of intellectual disability, resulting from trisomy 21. Recently, positron emission to … ata from the NT group. Of the regions analyzed a large effect was observed when comparing DS and NT hippocampus and cerebral cortex synaptic density as well as hippocampus and cerebellum volumes. In this pilot study, PET imaging of [11C]UCB-J was successfully completed and synaptic density measured in low functioning DS adults. This work provides the basis fo …

SYK-623, a δ Opioid Receptor Inverse Agonist, Mitigates Chronic Stress-Induced Behavioral Abnormalities and Disrupted Neurogenesis.

The δ opioid receptor (DOR) inverse agonist has been demonstrated to improve learning and memory impairment in mice subjected to restraint s … havioral abnormalities caused by ACMS. Based on the fluorescent immunohistochemical analysis of the hippocampus, ACMS induced a reduction in astrocytes and newborn neurons, similar to the reported findings observed in the postmortem brains of depressed patients. In addition, the number of parvalbumin-positive GABA neurons, which play a crucial role in neuroge …

NF1+/ex42del miniswine model the cellular disruptions and behavioral presentations of NF1-associated cognitive and motor impairment.

Cognitive or motor impairment is common among individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), an autosomal dominant tumor-predisposition di … animal species more like human anatomy and physiology. The prefrontal lobe, anterior cingulate, and hippocampus from NF1+/ex42del and wild-type miniswine were examined longitudinally, revealing abnormalities in mature oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, and microglial activation over time. Imbalances in GABA: Glutamate ratios and GAD67 expression were observed i …