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State of the Art of Pharmacological Activators of p53 in Ocular Malignancies.

The pivotal role of p53 in the regulation of a vast array of cellular functions has been the subject of extensive research. The biological activity of p53 is not strictly limited to cell cycle arrest but also includes the regulation of homeostasis, DNA repair, apoptosis, and senescence. Thus, mutations in the p53 gene with loss of function represent one of the major mechanisms for cancer development. As expected, due to its key role, p53 is expressed throughout the human body including the eye. Specifically, altered p53 signaling pathways have been implicated in the development of conjunctival

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… Ocular malignancies may originate from any tissues of the eye, involving the conjunctiva, cornea, sclera, uvea, and/or retina with melanocytic, fibrous, epithelial, and other form of lesions [ 1 ]. … Among those, UV radiation is the major source of reactive oxygen species, inducing a redox imbalance affecting various structures of the eye including the cornea, sclera, lens, and retina [ 119 ]. …

Fructosamine-3-Kinase as a Potential Treatment Option for Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Age-related macular degeneration is the leading cause of blindness in the developed world. Since advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are implicated in the pathogenesis of AMD through various lines of evidence, we investigated the potential of fructosamine-3-kinase (FN3K) in the disruption of retinal AGEs, drusenoid material and drusenoid lesions in patients with AMD. AGE-type autofluorescence was measured to evaluate the effects of FN3K on glycolaldehyde-induced AGE-modified neural porcine retinas and unmodified human neural retinas. Eye pairs from cigarette-smoke- and air-exposed mice were

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… The fact that several layers (i.e., sclera, choroid and neuroretina) show the same folding pattern indicates that it is an artifact rather than a pathological event. …

Mortality and morbidity in patients with osteogenesis imperfecta in Denmark.

Ostegenesis imperfecta (OI) is a hereditary disease of the connective tissue caused by mutations to, mainly, the genes that are involved in … t of a total population of 5,602,628 persons. Hallmarks of the disease are multiple fractures, blue sclera and varying degrees of bone deformities. Collagen type 1 is the most abundant collagen in the body and is an important part of the structure and function of the heart and lungs, the skeleton and many other organs. We hypothesize that patients with O …

Multiparametric grading of glaucoma severity by histopathology can enable post-mortem substratification of disease state.

Neurodegeneration in glaucoma patients is clinically identified through longitudinal assessment of structure-function changes, including intraocular pressure, cup-to-disc ratios from fundus images, and optical coherence tomography imaging of the retinal nerve fiber layer. Use of human post-mortem ocular tissue for basic research is rising in the glaucoma field, yet there are challenges in assessing disease stage and severity, since tissue donations with informed consent are often unaccompanied by detailed pre-mortem clinical information. Further, the interpretation of disease severity based so

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… For example, a recent study [ 31 ] identified 37 clusters and subclusters of distinct cell types in the optic nerve, optic nerve head, retinal pigment epithelium and peripapillary sclera of non-glaucomatous donor globes. …

Bortezomib (PS-341) treatment decreases inflammation and partially rescues the expression of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex in GRMD dogs.

Golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) is a genetic myopathy corresponding to Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in humans. Muscle atrophy is known to be associated with degradation of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC) via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. In the present study, we investigated the effect of bortezomib treatment on the muscle fibers of GRMD dogs. Five GRMD dogs were examined; two were treated (TD- Treated dogs) with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, and three were control dogs (CD). Dogs were treated with bortezomib using the same treatment regimen used for multip

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… The sclera of the dog was slightly reddish, with the periocular area crusty and lacerated. This dog was sent to the ophthalmology clinic for Small Animals at the University of São Paulo (FMVZ-USP) for additional exams. …

Polymorphic Variants of Genes Encoding Angiogenesis-Related Factors in Infertile Women with Recurrent Implantation Failure.

Recurrent implantation failure (RIF) is a global health issue affecting a significant number of infertile women who undergo in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles. Extensive vasculogenesis and angiogenesis occur in both maternal and fetal placental tissues, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family molecules and their receptors are potent angiogenic mediators in the placenta. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes encoding angiogenesis-related factors were selected and genotyped in 247 women who had undergone the ART procedure and 12

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… Sclera-related gene polymorphisms in high myopia Mol. Vis. 2009 15 1655 1663 19710942 PMC2730748 54. Priščáková P. Minárik G. Repiská V. Candidate gene studies of diabetic retinopathy in human Mol. Biol. Rep. 2016 43 1327 1345 10.1007/s11033-016-4075-y 27730450 PMC5102952 55. Wróbel T. Butrym A. …

Multisystemic sarcoidosis-important lessons learnt from one of the great imitators.

We report a case of a woman who was admitted with a suspicion of metastatic malignancy of unknown primary origin. A few months prior to her admission, she presented to a rheumatologist with acute anterior uveitis, psoriasiform rashes and polyarthritis. A diagnosis of psoriatic arthropathy was made and she was treated accordingly. Soon after she presented with persistent back and right upper quadrant abdominal pain for which she had a CT scan done with evidence of hilar lymphadenopathy, liver hypodensities and lytic-sclerotic bone lesions. She was referred to our hospital for further investigat

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… She denied any yellowing of her sclera, change in her stool consistency and calibre as well as change in her bowel habits. She also denied any tea coloured urine and clay coloured stools. The rest of her review of systems was unremarkable. …

Anticancer Role of PPARgamma Agonists in Hematological Malignancies Found in the Vasculature, Marrow, and Eyes.

The use of targeted cancer therapies in combination with conventional chemotherapeutic agents and/or radiation treatment has increased overall survival of cancer patients. However, longer survival is accompanied by increased incidence of comorbidities due, in part, to drug side effects and toxicities. It is well accepted that inflammation and tumorigenesis are linked. Because peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma agonists are potent mediators of anti-inflammatory responses, it was a logical extension to examine the role of PPARgamma agonists in the treatment and prevention of

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… Virtually any ocular structure can be affected, including the conjunctiva, cornea, sclera, lens, retina, optic nerve, lacrimal glands, and orbit [ 298 ] ( Figure 5 ). 3.2. … The choroid is the layer of blood vessels and connective tissue between the sclera and retina and supplies nutrients to the inner parts of the eye [ 304 ]. …

Multidisciplinary Management of Morbidities Associated with Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease.

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) represents a common long-term complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). It imposes a significant morbidity burden and is the leading cause of non-relapse mortality among long-term HSCT survivors. cGVHD can manifest in nearly any organ, severely affecting the quality of life of a transplant survivor. While the mainstay of treatment has remained systemic immunosuppression with glucocorticoids, progress has been made within the last few years with approvals of three oral agents to treat steroid-refractory cGVHD: ibrutin

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… spermatogenesis even before transplant, which may be further exacerbated if they develop cGVHD. 83 Eye health: ocular cGVHD Ocular manifestations of cGVHD are prevalent and can involve nearly any of the ocular structures, including periorbital skin, conjunctiva, cornea, lens, lacrimal structures, sclera …

Benign-looking primary fibrosarcoma of the uterus.

The Editor-in-Chief, in accordance with the Publisher, has retracted the following articles published between 2017 and 2020 on the grounds of figure duplication and manipulation, subsequent to concerns raised on PubPeer: 1. Y.-X. Liu, Y. Sun. MMP-2 participates in the sclera of guinea pig with form-deprivation myopia via IGF-1/STAT3 pathway. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2018; 22 (9): 2541-2548-DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_201805_14945-PMID: 29771404. Duplications were found in panels B and C of Figure 1 and in the right eye/left eye of the Western Blot in Figure 3A and a previously published article. 2. …

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… Schlemm’s c. a venous sinus of the sclera in the form of a circular canal at the junction of the sclera and cornea that receives the aqueous humor. Called also scleral venous plexus. semicircular c’s the canals (anterior, lateral and posterior) of the bony labyrinth of the ear. …

Ocular Manifestations Associated with Hematologic Malignancies: Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Management.

Background: Hematologic malignancies (HMs), including leukemia and lymphoma, are systemic diseases that may cause a wide range of ocular manifestations. Methods: We searched PubMed/MEDLINE (2015-2026) and identified articles with an emphasis on clinically relevant studies and recent developments. Results: Clinically, ocular involvement presents with diverse manifestations, including retinal hemorrhage, vitreoretinal lymphoma, choroidal infiltration, orbital masses, treatment-related ocular toxicities, graft-versus-host disease, and secondary infectious complications. These findings may mimic o

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… Direct infiltration may affect structures such as the conjunctiva, iris, and sclera. Scleral nodules have been described as a rare manifestation in patients with CLL [ 65 ]. …

Hypophosphatasia.

Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is an inherited metabolic disease caused by loss-of-function mutations in the tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) gene. Reduced activity of TNAP leads to the accumulation of its substrates, mainly inorganic pyrophosphate and pyridoxal-5'-phosphate, metabolic aberrations that largely explain the musculoskeletal and systemic features of the disease. More than 400 ALPL mutations, mostly missense, are reported to date, transmitted by either autosomal dominant or recessive mode. Severe disease is rare, with incidence ranging from 1:100,000 to 1:300,000 live births

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… Other non-specific signs and symptoms include irritability, fever, intracranial hemorrhage, bluish sclerae [ 27 ], myelophthisis (usually manifested as anemia) and predisposition to infections, because of low TNAP in leucocytes, which may impair their functionality [ 25 , 28 ]. 3.3. …

Ocular adverse events associated with antibody-drug conjugates for cancer: evidence and management strategies.

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a fast-growing class of cancer drugs designed to selectively deliver cytotoxic payloads through antibody binding to cancer cells with high expression of the target antigen, thus reducing systemic exposure and minimizing off-target effects. However, ADCs are associated with various ocular adverse events (AEs) that may impact treatment administration and patient outcomes. In this review, we provide a summary of ocular AEs associated with approved and investigational ADCs, recommendations for the mitigation and management of ocular AEs, current guidelines and e

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… Slit-lamp examination uses a low-power microscope combined with a high-intensity light to examine the eyes, including the eyelids, cornea, conjunctiva, sclera, iris, lens, and retina. …

Proceedings to the 2020 Online Conference of the Particle Therapy Cooperative Group (PTCOG2020Online): 13-14 September 2020Organized by the Particle Therapy Cooperative Group (PTCOG), this special online meeting featured abstracts and programs that enabled the communication and cross fertilization for which PTCOG meetings are known.

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Galectins in the Pathogenesis of Common Retinal Disease.

Diseases of the retina are major causes of visual impairment and blindness in developed countries and, due to an ageing population, their prevalence is continually rising. The lack of effective therapies and the limitations of those currently in use highlight the importance of continued research into the pathogenesis of these diseases. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a major role in driving vascular dysfunction in retinal disease and has therefore become a key therapeutic target. Recent evidence also points to a potentially similarly important role of galectins, a family of β-g

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… The blood supply to the outer retina is from the choroid situated between Brunch’s membrane and the sclera. FIGURE 3 Structure and morphology of the retinal vasculature (A) Full colour retinal fundus image of a normal human eye. …

Retinal Vein Occlusion-Background Knowledge and Foreground Knowledge Prospects-A Review.

Thrombosis of retinal veins is one of the most common retinal vascular diseases that may lead to vascular blindness. The latest epidemiological data leave no illusions that the burden on the healthcare system, as impacted by patients with this diagnosis, will increase worldwide. This obliges scientists to search for new therapeutic and diagnostic options. In the 21st century, there has been tremendous progress in retinal imaging techniques, which has facilitated a better understanding of the mechanisms related to the development of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and its complications, and conseq

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… The Port Delivery System (PDS) is a durable implant with the ability for multiple refills, which is inserted into the eye through a small incision in the sclera. The drug present in the PDS passively diffuses according to the concentration gradient from the implant reservoir to the vitreous cavity. …

Rare Diseases of the Orbit.

This article provides an overview of rare orbital diseases. Congenital malformations, inflammatory diseases, benign and malignant neoplasias are described. Although it represents a relatively small area of the body the orbit contains multiple different tissues. Therefore, a great variety of diseases can be found within the orbital space. That is the reason, why both the completeness and the level of detail in the description of particular diseases must be somewhat limited. Nevertheless, clinical manifestations, important aspects of diagnosis, treatment strategies, and, when specific data are a

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… Furthermore, solely ocular diseases are not within the scope of this overview, as these conditions expand beyond the ocular border structures (e. g., to the sclera) or cause concomitant orbital reactions. 2. Interdisciplinarity and “What is rare, What is frequent?” – A Dilemma? …

Hematology

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… bleeding (GI, menstrual), pica (ice, dirt), diet history, fever, night sweats, weight loss, past medical history (malignancy, chronic infections, rheumatologic disorders), medications (NSAIDs, ASA, anticoagulants), family history (thalassemia) PHYSICAL —vitals, koilonychia (spoon nails), alopecia, blue sclerae …

Hematology

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… bleeding (GI, menstrual), pica (ice, dirt), diet history, fever, night sweats, weight loss, past medical history (malignancy, chronic infections, rheumatologic disorders), medications (NSAIDs, ASA, anticoagulants), family history (thalassemia) PHYSICAL —vitals, koilonychia (spoon nails), alopecia, blue sclerae …