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Botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, toxicity, quality control, clinical application and novel preparations of Sinomenii Caulis: An updated review.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Sinomenii Caulis (SC), a traditional ethnic herb, is derived from the dried stems of Sinomenium acutum (Thunb.) Rehd. et Wils. and Sinomenium acutum (Thunb.) Rehd. et Wils. var. Cinereum Rehd. et Wils. SC is extensively documented in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia for its traditional use in dispelling wind and dampness, as well as alleviating symptoms associated with rheumatic disorders, such as joint swelling and pruritus. SC contains a diverse array of alkaloids, among which sinomenine (SIN) is recognized as its primary quality marker. THE AIM OF THE STUDY: This r

Impact of greenhouse gases and air pollutants on the incidence and mortality of HBV and HCV in China.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have found that meteorological conditions are associated with an increased risk of viral hepatitis. However, other environmental factors, such as greenhouse gases and air pollutants, that may influence this risk have not yet been identified. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The epidemiological characteristics of major viral hepatitis, including hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), in China were investigated. Quantile-based g-computation (Qgcomp) and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were then applied sequentially to explore the single and mixed effec

Sarcandra glabra: phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and its role in mucosal immunity and digestive diseases.

The incidence of digestive system diseases has been increasing annually, highlighting the need for effective therapeutic agents. Sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) Nakai, a key Chinese herbal medicine, has gained attention for its potential in treating digestive disorders. The purpose of this review is to explore the research progress of Sarcandra glabra and its compound preparations in the treatment of digestive system diseases, so as to promote the further exploration of its pharmacological mechanism and the optimization of its clinical 2024 application. Sarcandra glabra contains a variety of chemica

Organomercurial Lyase (MerB)-Mediated Demethylation Decreases Bacterial Methylmercury Resistance in the Absence of Mercuric Reductase (MerA).

The mer operon encodes enzymes that transform and detoxify methylmercury (MeHg) and/or inorganic mercury [Hg(II)]. Organomercurial lyase (MerB) and mercuric reductase (MerA) can act sequentially to demethylate MeHg to Hg(II) and reduce Hg(II) to volatile elemental mercury (Hg0) that can escape from the cell, conferring resistance to MeHg and Hg(II). Most identified mer operons encode either MerA and MerB in tandem or MerA alone; however, microbial genomes were recently identified that encode only MerB. However, the effects of potentially producing intracellular Hg(II) via demethylation of MeHg

Detection limits of optical gas imagers as a function of temperature differential and distance.

Optical gas imaging (OGI) is an effective tool for detecting gas leaks from process equipment. Despite the fact that OGI has been used for leak detection for over a decade, its detection limit is an elusive performance metric and has not been systematically characterized and quantified like other detection instruments. A substantial body of research has been performed that has shed some light on the OGI detection limits and the factors that dictate the detection limits. The OGI detection limit expressed as ppm-m and ppm now can be quantified as a function of ΔT (differential temperature betwee

Bacterial resistances to inorganic mercury salts and organomercurials.

Environmental and clinical isolates of mercury-resistant (resistant to inorganic mercury salts and organomercurials) bacteria have genes for the enzymes mercuric ion reductase and organomercurial lyase. These genes are often plasmid-encoded, although chromosomally encoded resistance determinants have been occasionally identified. Organomercurial lyase cleaves the C-Hg bond and releases Hg(II) in addition to the appropriate organic compound. Mercuric reductase reduces Hg(II) to Hg(O), which is nontoxic and volatilizes from the medium. Mercuric reductase is a FAD-containing oxidoreductase and re

Genomic and phenotypic insights into Serratia interaction with plants from an ecological perspective.

We investigated the plant growth-promoting potential of two endophytic strains of Serratia marcescens, namely SmCNPMS2112 and SmUFMG85, which were isolated from the roots of the same maize (Zea mays) plant. The strains were evaluated in vitro for their ability to produce siderophores and indoleacetic acid, form biofilm, solubilize iron phosphate (Fe-P) and Araxá rock phosphate (RP), mineralize phytate, and for their ability to adhere and colonize host roots. Additionally, their plant growth-promoting potential was tested in vivo under greenhouse conditions using millet grown in soil under two

Integrating Environmental Exposure Profiles with Temporal Transcriptomics: An Explainable Machine Learning Model for Cardiovascular Disease Risk Prediction and Biological Validation.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) pathogenesis is strongly associated with environmental exposures and metabolic factors. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between urinary levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), heavy metals, and serum biomarkers with CVD, and to develop a high-accuracy, interpretable predictive model, while elucidating the potential underlying biological mechanisms from a molecular temporal-dynamic perspective. METHODS: This cross-sectional study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2011-2020 cycles), inc…

Physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of copaiba oil: implications on product quality control.

BACKGROUND: The copaiba oil is a common natural product used in cosmetic industry and as a nutraceutical product. However, lack of quality control and scarce knowledge about its antimicrobial activity is a point of concern. The proposal of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties and the antimicrobial activity of five commercial brands of copaiba oil. METHODS: Acidity and ester index, refractory index, solubility in alcohol, and thin layer chromatography were performed to verify the physicochemical properties of five commercial copaiba oils sold in local pharmacies. Ultra

Predicting the substrate specificity of a glycosyltransferase implicated in the production of phenolic volatiles in tomato fruit.

The volatile compounds that constitute the fruit aroma of ripe tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) are often sequestered in glycosylated form. A homology-based screen was used to identify the gene SlUGT5, which is a member of UDP-glycosyltransferase 72 family and shows specificity towards a range of substrates, including flavonoid, flavanols, hydroquinone, xenobiotics and chlorinated pollutants. SlUGT5 was shown to be expressed primarily in ripening fruit and flowers, and mapped to chromosome I in a region containing a QTL that affected the content of guaiacol and eugenol in tomato crosses. Recombin

Safety assessment and exploration of the mechanism of toxic effects of diallyl trisulfide: Based on acute and subacute toxicity and proteomics experiments.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a widely consumed spice and condiment around the world, applied both as a food and as a traditional medicine, and is a natural strengthening agent for the body's circulatory and nervous systems. Diallyl trisulfide (DATS) is the major volatile organosulfur phytochemical found in garlic, with antithrombotic, anticoagulant, and antiplatelet activities as well as antioxidant, anti-infective, and other pharmacological effects. However, the safe dose and the underlying mechanisms of its toxic effects remain elusive. AIM OF THE STUDY: DAT

Some Nigerian plants of dermatologic importance.

BACKGROUND: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 80% of the world's population uses medicinal plants in the treatment of diseases and, in African countries, this rate is much higher. In recent years, however, medicinal plants have represented a primary health source for the pharmaceutical industry. No less than 400 compounds derived from plants are currently used in the preparation of drugs, such as vincristine and vinblastine used in the treatment of cancer. Nigerians still depend largely on crude herbal remedies or traditional medicine. They also use wild plants for cosmetics an

The impact of vaping and smoking on nicotine intake and toxicant exposure among youth in England compared with youth in North America.

BACKGROUND: Youth vaping prevalence varies across countries and may be related to differing regulations/products. The emergence of cheap dis … es 2 and 3: Urinary biomarkers, normalised for creatinine; tobacco-specific nitrosamine NNK (NNAL); volatile organic compounds (VOCs): acrolein (3HPMA), acrylamide (2CaHEMA), acrylonitrile (2CyEMA), benzene (PhMA), toluene (BzMA), xylene (24MPhMA); nicotine: cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (3-HC), total nicotine equivalents. Objective 4: Self-reporting any of 5 past-week …

Behavior of carbon dioxide and other volatiles on Mars.

We have found that a rather simple thermal model of the Martian surface, in combination with current observations of the atmospheric composi … ion mechanisms for CO(2) and H(2)O discussed in this article are correct, the possible migration of volatile organic compounds away from the warm temperate regions of the planet and their possible accumulation in the polar regions need to be carefully considered.

Different carcinogenic process in cholangiocarcinoma cases epidemically developing among workers of a printing company in Japan.

Recently, cholangiocarcinoma has epidemically developed among young adult workers of a printing company in Japan. Exposure to organic solvents including 1,2-dichloropropane and/or dichloromethane is supposed to be associated with the carcinoma development. The metabolism of dichloromethane proceeds through a Theta-class glutathione S-transferase (GST) T1-1-catalyzed pathway, where its reactive intermediates have been implicated in genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. This study examined features of the carcinogenic process of the cholangiocarcinoma developed in the printing company. Surgically re

Understanding the Early Biological Effects of Isoprene-Derived Particulate Matter Enhanced by Anthropogenic Pollutants.

INTRODUCTION: Airborne fine particulate matter (PM2.5; particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter) plays a key role in air quality, climate, and public health. Globally, the largest mass fraction of PM2.5 is organic, dominated by secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed from atmospheric oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Isoprene from vegetation is the most abundant nonmethane VOC emitted into Earth's atmosphere. Isoprene has been recently recognized as one of the major sources of global SOA production that is enhanced by the presence of anthropogenic pollutants, such as ac…

Oral malodorous compound causes caspase-8 and -9 mediated programmed cell death in osteoblasts.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Hydrogen sulfide (H(2) S) is one of two volatile sulfur compounds that are known to be the main cause of oral malodor; the other is methyl mercaptan. Other known volatiles existing in mouth air do not contribute significantly to oral malodor originating in the oral cavity. Hydrogen sulfide is also known to be an etiological factor in periodontal disease. However, the effects of H(2) S on alveolar bone remain unclear. The objectives of this study were to determine the apoptotic effects of H(2) S on osteoblasts and to verify the apoptotic molecular pathways. MATERIAL A

Risks related to the domestic laundering of filling station attendant uniforms: advances and uncertainties.

Gasoline is the most common transportation fuel in Brazil, with up to 1% of benzene. Benzene is a health-damaging organic solvent that is extensively used worldwide, being classified as a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (Group 1). Many workers at filling stations are exposed to benzene, present in gasoline. The main routes of exposure and absorption of benzene are inhalation, oral, and dermal routes. The penetration and maintenance of benzene and other chemicals on personal protective equipment and clothing of workers who manipulate these solvents may increa

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… The search was performed using the following terms from the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) thesaurus: gasoline; benzene; fuel stations; protective clothing; occupational exposure; and volatile organic compounds. … Determination of volatile organic compounds in ambient air. Comparison of methods. J Chromatogr A. 2002;976(1-2):369–376. doi: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00938-x. 12. Correa SM, Arbilla G, Marques MRC, Oliveira KMPG. The impact of BTEX emissions from gas stations into the atmosphere. …

Метод газовой хроматографии для количественного определения остаточных растворителей в наноформуляциях.

Описано разработку и проверку метода газовой хроматографии, который является чувствительным, быстрым и специфичным для оценки 19 распространенных растворителей класса 2 и класса 3, часто используемых в формулировке наномедицины. Проверка метода проводилась с использованием системы газовой хроматографии PerkinElmer с детектированием искровой ионизации и колонки Elite 624 Crossbond 6% цианопропилфенил-94% диметилполисилоксана или DB-Fatwax-Ultra Inert с гелием в качестве носителя. Оценены характеристики валидации, такие как линейность, восстановление при добавлении, точность метода, специфичност

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… Full evaporation headspace gas chromatography for sensitive determination of high boiling point volatile organic compounds in low boiling matrices. J. Chromatogr. A. 2013;1315:167–175. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.09.058. 32. Somuramasami J., Wei Y.-C., Soliman E.F., Rustum A.M. …

LOX-1 and cancer: an indissoluble liaison.

Recently, a strong correlation between metabolic disorders, tumor onset, and progression has been demonstrated, directing new therapeutic strategies on metabolic targets. OLR1 gene encodes the LOX-1 receptor protein, responsible for the recognition, binding, and internalization of ox-LDL. In the past, several studied, aimed to clarify the role of LOX-1 receptor in atherosclerosis, shed light on its role in the stimulation of the expression of adhesion molecules, pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, and pro-angiogenic proteins, including NF-kB and VEGF, in vascular endothelial cells and macroph

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… Dummer J Storer M Swanney M McEwand M Scott-Thomase A Bhandari S Analysis of biogenic volatile organic compounds in human health and disease TRACS-Trends-Anal Chem. 2011 30 960 7 37. … Hakim M Broza YY Barash O Peled N Phillips M Amann A Volatile organic compounds of lung cancer and possible biochemical pathways Chem Rev 2012 112 5949 66 22991938 10.1021/cr300174a 43. …