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[History of recommendations for immunizations in Austria].

Public immunizations against small-pox were first conducted in Austria over 200 years ago on December 10th 1800. The first legal regulation concerning small-pox vaccination was issued in 1836. Official recommendations for childhood vaccinations were first published in 1973 in conjunction with the Austrian anticipatory health care program for children. Since 1984 the Ministry of Health in cooperation with the Federal Advisory Committee on Health publishes and updates recommendations for immunizations for all age groups at intervals dictated by epidemic necessities and availability of vaccines.

Манипулирование человеческой историей микробами.

Конвергенция микробных и человеческих миров обеспечивает нам повседневные необходимые условия для выживания нашего вида, и, в свою очередь, это взаимодействие влечет за собой болезненные и трагические последствия от патогенов. Оглядываясь назад, можно увидеть, что микробы также изменили нашу историю. Если бы не патоген, остановивший ассирийскую военную кампанию, у нас бы не было иудаизма, христианства или ислама. Микробы были там, чтобы помочь противникам в падении великих греческих и римских империй. Храбрые приказы Джорджа Вашингтона инкорпорировать колониальную армию против оспы (20 лет до

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
The convergence of the microbial and human worlds provides us with everyday essentials for the survival of our species, and in turn, this interaction brings painful and tragic consequences from pathogens. Looking back, it can be seen that microbes have also changed our history. Were it not for a pathogen that halted an Assyrian military campaign, we might ha…

A brief history of decision making.

Sometime around the middle of the past century, telephone executive Chester Barnard imported the term decision making from public administra … upport and mimic cognitive processes, has improved decision making in many situations. Even so, the history of decision-making strategies--captured in this time line and examined in the four accompanying essays on risk, group dynamics, technology, and instinct--has not marched steadily toward perfect rationalism. Twentieth-century theorists showed that th …

Family history of suicide and impulsivity.

A family history of suicide indicates a raised risk for suicidal behavior; this liability might be familially transmitted as an impulsive-aggression trait. To examine the impulsivity factor, data from 258 abstinent drug dependent patients who were interviewed about their family history of suicidal behavior and who completed the Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS) were examined. The results showed that patients with a family history of suicidal behavior had significantly higher BIS scores for risk taking than patients without a family history of suicidal behavior. Also, patients with a family histo…

The natural history of trisomy 12p.

Trisomy of the short arm of chromosome 12 is a rare chromosomal anomaly, with an estimated incidence of 1/50,000 births. It may present as a pure trisomy (complete or incomplete), as mosaic trisomy, or with other chromosomal abnormalities. Little is known from prior reports about the natural history and life expectancy of these individuals. In this study we describe the long-term outcome and the differences between patients with mosaic trisomy 12p compared to patients with complete trisomy. We present a series of 16 patients with trisomy 12p; 6 of them are older than 10 years. Most patients we…

A family history of pancreatic cancer.

BACKGROUND: A 65-year-old white male with a family history of pancreatic cancer and a personal history of two episodes of acute pancreatitis was referred to our department in January 2005 by his primary-care physician for an assessment of his pancreatic cancer risk. INVESTIGATIONS: Physical exam, laboratory investigations, CT scan, endoscopic ultrasonography, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. DIAGNOSIS: Familial pancreatic cancer. MANAGEMENT: Subtotal pancreatectomy, referral to genetic counselor, and continued surveillance.

A short history of neurosciences in Austria.

Based on internal medicine and psychiatry and in close connection with pathology, the neurosciences in Austria began to develop in the 18(th) century, e.g. with the description of inflammation of the central nervous system by J. P. Franck (1745-1823) and the "phrenology" by F. J. Gall (1745-1823). Under the influence of the great pathologist C. Rokitansky (1804-1878), the tripode of the Vienna neurology - L. Türck (1810-1868), as initiator, Th. v. Meynert (1833-1892) the activator, and H. Obersteiner (1847-1922) as the founder of the Vienna Neurological Institute, presented basic contributions

The history of AV nodal reentry.

Though patients with AV nodal reentry are now routinely cured by catheter ablation, the basic mechanism of this disorder is still under debate. The putative mechanism of AV node reentry was first discovered by the elegant work of Gordon Moe. He demonstrated the existence of dual pathways and echo beats in rabbits. Building on these seminal observations, the mechanism of AVNRT has burgeoned to include the possibility of left atrial input into the node. The first curative nonpharmacologic procedures involved surgical dissection around the AV node and the procedure was rapidly supplanted by cathe

How to take a sexual history.

Under the National Strategy for Sexual Health and HIV, most patients seeking or requiring routine sexual health care are now offered the option of being treated by the primary health care team, rather than a specialised genito-urinary medicine clinic. Taking a sexual history and making a risk assessment is a key skill for making a diagnosis and care plan. This article offers a structured approach to this task, particularly for nurses, midwives and other community health professionals. It also describes the often sensitive core questions that the professional may need to ask in order to obtain …

[Opium and opioids: a brief history.].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In addition to their major influence on human behavior, opium and opioids have been used for a long time as sedative and analgesic drugs. As from the 19th century, with the isolation of opium alkaloids and easy parenteral administration of these substances, there has been increased interest in the judicious medical use of opioids and in the analysis of social consequences of their abuse, which has justified a historical review of opium and opioids. CONTENTS: Further understanding of opium, natural product extracted from Papaver somniferum, and of opioids, natural op

Per rectum: a history of enemata.

Enemas and clysters have been administered since before recorded history, using instruments ranging from cow horns and hollowed out bamboo shoots to metal syringes to inject laxatives, herbs, opium, turpentine, tobacco, oxygen and noxious chemicals. The potentially lethal dangers are today well recognised. The rectal route, now less often used for laxative enemas is still proving useful for other medications, increasingly in suppository form.

[History of opium poppy and morphine].

Opium has been known for millennia to relieve pain and its use for surgical analgesia has been recorded for several centuries. The Sumerian clay tablet (about 2100 BC) is considered to be the world's oldest recorded list of medical prescriptions. It is believed by some scholars that the opium poppy is referred to on the tablet. Some objects from the ancient Greek Minoan culture may also suggest the knowledge of the poppy. A goddess from about 1500 BC shows her hair adorned probably with poppy-capsules and her closed eyes disclose sedation. Also juglets probably imitating the poppy-capsules wer

A history of treatments for myasthenia gravis.

Much of the improvement in the treatment of myasthenia gravis (MG) over the past 125 years can be attributed to the effectiveness of general … reatments, based on our knowledge of pathogenesis, are still experimental but hopefully will be the history of the future.

The history of biologic warfare and bioterrorism.

Biologic weapons have been used since ancient times in war, and, more recently, by terrorists. From the catapulting of plague corpses over city walls in the Middle Ages to the bacterial contamination of salad bars in Oregon in 1984 by the Rajneeshee cult, the long history of biologic weapons use underscores their current threat. In preparing for the threat of biologic weapons, health care professionals should not only be familiar with the clinical presentation and pathophysiology of the diseases they produce, but also with the historic context of their past uses.

[The history of the flea in art and literature].

The flea has been, indirectly, one of the protagonists in the history of man. As one of the two vectors of Yersinia pestis, the etiological agents of the Black Death, the flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) has contributed, over the centuries, to the death of millions of people in many countries. Galileo Galilei was the first to observe the flea with a microscope (1624), but the credit of depicting it with a stunning drawing goes to the Britisher Robert Hooke in 1665. A number of zoologists, including Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek and Diacinto Cestoni, well described and illustrated the life cycle of the flea…