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Non-coding RNA/microRNA-modulatory dietary factors and natural products for improved cancer therapy and prevention: Alkaloids, organosulfur compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids and water-soluble vitamins.

Non-coding small RNA molecules, the microRNAs (miRNAs), contribute decisively to the epigenetic regulation processes in cancer cells. Problematic pathogenic properties of cancer cells and the response of cancers towards anticancer drugs are highly influenced by miRNAs. Both increased drug activity and formation of tumor resistance are regulated by miRNAs. Further to this, the survival and proliferation of cancer cells and the formation of metastases is based on the modulated expression of certain miRNAs. In particular, drug-resistant cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) depend on the presence and abs

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… MiR-23a-mediated inhibition of topoisomerase 1 expression potentiates cell response to etoposide in human hepatocellular carcinoma Mol. Cancer 12 2013 119 24103454 10.1186/1476-4598-12-119 PMC3856574 70 Boni V. Zarate R. Villa J.C. Bandrés E. Gomez M.A. Maiello E. Garcia-Foncillas J. Aranda E. …

Nano-formulations in disease therapy: designs, advances, challenges, and future directions.

Nano-formulations, as an innovative drug delivery system, offer distinct advantages in enhancing drug administration methods, improving bioavailability, promoting biodegradability, and enabling targeted delivery. By exploiting the unique size advantages of nano-formulations, therapeutic agents, including drugs, genes, and proteins, can be precisely reorganized at the microscale level. This modification not only facilitates the precise release of these agents but also significantly enhances their efficacy while minimizing adverse effects, thereby creating novel opportunities for treatment of a

Applications of synthetic biology in medical and pharmaceutical fields.

Synthetic biology aims to design or assemble existing bioparts or bio-components for useful bioproperties. During the past decades, progresses have been made to build delicate biocircuits, standardized biological building blocks and to develop various genomic/metabolic engineering tools and approaches. Medical and pharmaceutical demands have also pushed the development of synthetic biology, including integration of heterologous pathways into designer cells to efficiently produce medical agents, enhanced yields of natural products in cell growth media to equal or higher than that of the extract

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… | 1 × 10 −3 | 2016 | 413 Noscapine | Anticancer drug | Alkaloids | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | 2.2 × 10 −3 | 2018 | 414 Farnesene | Widely used in industry, a precursor of vitamin E | Terpenoids | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | 55.4 | 2022 | 415 (−)-Deoxypodophyllotoxin | A precursor to anti-cancer drug etoposide …

Strategies to Improve Sensitivity to Radiotherapy in Pediatric Solid Tumors.

The primary goal in the treatment of pediatric malignancies is to maintain effective cancer control while minimizing toxicities and late effects. Radiotherapy is a component of standard therapy against many pediatric cancers, but tumor cell DNA damage repair mechanisms and the hypoxic tumor microenvironment may limit the effectiveness of this modality. Additionally, irradiated cancer cells often acquire resistance to radiotherapy that permits cancer cell survival or stimulates tumor regrowth after treatment, further limiting the efficacy of radiotherapy. Various preclinical studies have invest

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… Treatment of Metastatic Ewing’s Sarcoma or Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of Bone: Evaluation of Combination Ifosfamide and Etoposide—A Children’s Cancer Group and Pediatric Oncology Group Study. J. Clin. Oncol. 2004;22:2873–2876. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2004.01.041. 100. …

Gastrointestinal Cancer Therapeutics via Triggering Unfolded Protein Response and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress by 2-Arylbenzofuran.

Gastrointestinal cancers are a major global health challenge, with high mortality rates. This study investigated the anti-cancer activities of 30 monomers extracted from Morus alba L. (mulberry) against gastrointestinal cancers. Toxicological assessments revealed that most of the compounds, particularly immunotoxicity, exhibit some level of toxicity, but it is generally not life-threatening under normal conditions. Among these components, Sanggenol L, Sanggenon C, Kuwanon H, 3'-Geranyl-3-prenyl-5,7,2',4'-tetrahydroxyflavone, Morusinol, Mulberrin, Moracin P, Kuwanon E, and Kuwanon A demonstrate

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… Plant-derived compounds, such as irinotecan, vincristine, etoposide, and paclitaxel [ 114 ], have demonstrated efficacy against various cancers, significantly improving both survival rates and the quality of life for millions of cancer patients. …

Drug Repurposing of Selected Antibiotics: An Emerging Approach in Cancer Drug Discovery.

Drug repurposing is a method of investigating new therapeutic applications for previously approved medications. This repurposing approach to "old" medications is now highly efficient, simple to arrange, and cost-effective and poses little risk of failure in treating a variety of disorders, including cancer. Drug repurposing for cancer therapy is currently a key topic of study. It is a way of exploring recent therapeutic applications for already-existing drugs. Theoretically, the repurposing strategy has various advantages over the recognized challenges of creating new molecular entities, inclu

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… It is used in combination with doxorubicin (DOX), Etoposide, as well as carboplatin NSCLC cell lines. These DNA-damaging drugs became more deadly to cells when combined with AZM, but AZM alone had virtually no cytotoxicity, according to research by Toriyama et al. (2021). …

Therapeutic Targeting of DNA Damage Repair in the Era of Precision Oncology and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.

Cancer manifestation is a multistep process involving accumulation of various genetic and epigenetic changes that results in oncogenic "hallmarks of cancer" processes including genomic instability. Exploitation of aberrant DNA-damage response (DDR) mechanisms in cancer is in part a goal of many therapeutic strategies, and recent evidence supports the role of targeting DDR in modulating the tumor immune microenvironment to enhance immunotherapeutic response. Improved cancer profiling, including next-generation and whole-genome mutational sequencing of tumor tissue, as well as circulating nuclei

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… + nivolumab | ORR, PFS, OS NCT04276376 | DDR-deficient or platinum-sensitive solid tumors | Rucaparib + atezolizumab | ORR NCT04681469 | HPV-negative HNSCC | Niraparib + IO | Rate of MPR, PFS, genomic expression PRIO, NCT04728230 | Extensive stage lung SCC | Olaparib + durvalumab with carboplatin, etoposide …

An update on malignant tumor-related stiff person syndrome spectrum disorders: clinical mechanism, treatment, and outcomes.

Stiff person syndrome (SPS) is a rare central nervous system disorder associated with malignancies. In this review, we retrieved information from PubMed, up until August 2023, using various search terms and their combinations, including SPS, stiff person syndrome spectrum disorders (SPSSDs), paraneoplastic, cancer, and malignant tumor. Data from peer-reviewed journals printed in English were organized to explain the possible relationships between different carcinomas and SPSSD subtypes, as well as related autoantigens. From literature searching, it was revealed that breast cancer was the most

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… Lung cancer A 56-year-old woman with anti-amphiphysin-positive SPS associated with small-cell lung cancer received treatment with benzodiazepines and corticosteroids, followed by cancer therapy with cisplatin/etoposide and radiotherapy. …

In vitro models of breast cancer bone metastasis: analyzing drug resistance through the lens of the microenvironment.

Even though breast cancers usually have a good outcome compared to other tumors, the cancer can progress and create metastases in different parts of the organism, the bone being a predilection locus. These metastases are usually the cause of death, as they are mostly resistant to treatments. This resistance can be caused by intrinsic properties of the tumor, such as its heterogeneity, but it can also be due to the protective role of the microenvironment. By activating signaling pathways protecting cancer cells when exposed to chemotherapy, contributing to their ability to reach dormancy, or ev

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… Integrin activation suppresses etoposide-induced DNA strand breakage in cultured murine tumor-derived endothelial cells. Cancer Res (1996) 56(18):4146–9. 57. Aoudjit F, Vuori K. Integrin signaling inhibits paclitaxel-induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells. …

Cancer Cell Metabolism in Hypoxia: Role of HIF-1 as Key Regulator and Therapeutic Target.

In order to meet the high energy demand, a metabolic reprogramming occurs in cancer cells. Its role is crucial in promoting tumor survival. Among the substrates in demand, oxygen is fundamental for bioenergetics. Nevertheless, tumor microenvironment is frequently characterized by low-oxygen conditions. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a pivotal modulator of the metabolic reprogramming which takes place in hypoxic cancer cells. In the hub of cellular bioenergetics, mitochondria are key players in regulating cellular energy. Therefore, a close crosstalk between mitochondria and HIF-1 underl

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… Expression of AGPAT2, an enzyme involved in the glycerophospholipid/triacylglycerol biosynthesis pathway, is directly regulated by HIF-1 and promotes survival and etoposide resistance of cancer cells under hypoxia Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. …

T-Regulatory Cells In Tumor Progression And Therapy.

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are important members of the immune system regulating the host responses to infection and neoplasms. Tregs prevent autoimmune disorders by protecting the host-cells from an immune response, related to the peripheral tolerance. However, tumor cells use Tregs as a shield to protect themselves against anti-tumor immune response. Thus, Tregs are a hurdle in achieving the complete potential of anti-cancer therapies including immunotherapy. This has prompted the development of novel adjuvant therapies that obviate their negative effects thereby enhancing the therapeutic ef

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… The glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose enhances the efficacy of etoposide in ehrlich ascites tumor-bearing mice . Cancer Biol Ther . 2005 ; 4 : 87 – 94 . doi: 10.4161/cbt.4.1.1381 15711125 139. De Rosa V , Galgani M , Porcellini A , et al. …

Histone deacetylase 6: A new player in oxidative stress‑associated disorders and cancers (Review).

Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), a distinctive member of the histone deacetylase family, plays a crucial role in regulating the cellular response to oxidative stress. Unlike other HDACs, HDAC6 primarily deacetylates non‑histone proteins, influencing various cellular functions critical to the pathogenesis of numerous oxidative stress‑related diseases. This review summarizes the latest research on how HDAC6 affects oxidative stress pathways and its impact on diseases such as neurodegeneration, cancer and cardiovascular disorders. Additionally, the therapeutic potential of targeting HDAC6, as evide

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… . | ( 133 ) NN-429 | NN-429 shows synergistic effects with etoposide, leading to a treatment pathway for NK/T-cell lymphoma and T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma combined with NN-429. | ( 134 ) ZMF-23 | ZMF-23 inhibited PAK1- and HDAC6-regulated aerobic glycolysis and migration, induced TNF-regulated necrosis …

Precision immunotherapy with CAR-T cells in pediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: advances and unanswered challenges.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has emerged as a groundbreaking treatment for pediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), especially for patients with relapsed or refractory disease. CD19-targeted CAR T cells, such as tisagenlecleucel, have demonstrated high rates of complete remission and long-lasting responses in clinical trials. However, challenges such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS), immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), antigen escape, and T-cell exhaustion hinder its broader clinical application. Recent advances aim to overcome thes

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… Etoposide may be considered for refractory cases following treatment guidelines for secondary HLH ( 126 , 127 ). …

Is Camphor the Future in Supporting Therapy for Skin Infections?

The aim of this review is to present the potential application of camphor-a bicyclic monoterpene ketone-in the prevention of skin infections. Skin diseases represent a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by prolonged symptoms that significantly diminish the quality of life. They affect the dermis, the epidermis, and even subcutaneous tissue. They very often have a bacterial or fungal background. Therapy for dermatological skin disorders is difficult and long-term. Therefore, it is important to find a compound, preferably of natural origin, that (i) prevents the initiation of this in

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… It has been proven that one of the tested derivatives showed similar activity to etoposide in the inhibition of growth of the following cell lines: MDA-MB-231 (breast cancer), RPMI-8226 (multiple myeloma), and A549 (non-small cell lung cancer NSCLC). …

Current State and Future Challenges for PI3K Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy.

The phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (PKB/AKT)-mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) axis is a key signal transduction system that links oncogenes and multiple receptor classes which are involved in many essential cellular functions. Aberrant PI3K signalling is one of the most commonly mutated pathways in cancer. Consequently, more than 40 compounds targeting key components of this signalling network have been tested in clinical trials among various types of cancer. As the oncogenic activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway often occurs alongside mutations in other signalling

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… Chemotherapy It is well-established that the PI3K pathway synergizes with various chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin, etoposide, topotecan, cisplatin, vincristine and taxol, resulting in increased tumour sensitivity to chemotherapy [ 140 ]. …

Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1: A Novel Therapeutic Target for the Management of Cancer, Drug Resistance, and Cancer-Related Pain.

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a key transcription factor that regulates the transcription of many genes that are responsible for the adaptation and survival of tumor cells in hypoxic environments. Over the past few decades, tremendous efforts have been made to comprehensively understand the role of HIF-1 in tumor progression. Based on the pivotal roles of HIF-1 in tumor biology, many HIF-1 inhibitors interrupting expression, stabilization, DNA binding properties, or transcriptional activity have been identified as potential therapeutic agents for various cancers, yet none of these inhi

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… MDR1 inhibition increases sensitivity to doxorubicin and etoposide in adrenocortical cancer. Endocr.-Relat. Cancer. 2019;26:367–378. doi: 10.1530/ERC-18-0500. 102. Doublier S., Belisario D.C., Polimeni M., Annaratone L., Riganti C., Allia E., Ghigo D., Bosia A., Sapino A. …

Epigenetic Mechanisms in DNA Double Strand Break Repair: A Clinical Review.

Upon the induction of DNA damage, the chromatin structure unwinds to allow access to enzymes to catalyse the repair. The regulation of the winding and unwinding of chromatin occurs via epigenetic modifications, which can alter gene expression without changing the DNA sequence. Epigenetic mechanisms such as histone acetylation and DNA methylation are known to be reversible and have been indicated to play different roles in the repair of DNA. More importantly, the inhibition of such mechanisms has been reported to play a role in the repair of double strand breaks, the most detrimental type of DN

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… Vorinostat in combination with the chemotherapy drug, etoposide, is currently undergoing phase I/II clinical trials for the treatment of solid tumors and relapsed refractory sarcomas in pediatric patients ( ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01294670 ). …

Role of Protein Kinase CK2 in Aberrant Lipid Metabolism in Cancer.

Uncontrolled proliferation is a feature defining cancer and it is linked to the ability of cancer cells to effectively adapt their metabolic needs in response to a harsh tumor environment. Metabolic reprogramming is considered a hallmark of cancer and includes increased glucose uptake and processing, and increased glutamine utilization, but also the deregulation of lipid and cholesterol-associated signal transduction, as highlighted in recent years. In the first part of the review, we will i) provide an overview of the major types of lipids found in eukaryotic cells and their importance as med

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… Expression of AGPAT2, an enzyme involved in the glycerophospholipid/triacylglycerol biosynthesis pathway, is directly regulated by HIF-1 and promotes survival and etoposide resistance of cancer cells under hypoxia. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. …

Anti-Inflammatory Drugs as Anticancer Agents.

Inflammation is strictly associated with cancer and plays a key role in tumor development and progression. Several epidemiological studies have demonstrated that inflammation can predispose to tumors, therefore targeting inflammation and the molecules involved in the inflammatory process could represent a good strategy for cancer prevention and therapy. In the past, several clinical studies have demonstrated that many anti-inflammatory agents, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), are able to interfere with the tumor microenvironment by reducing cell migration and increasin

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… Several preclinical studies showed that the combinations between celecoxib and etoposide, doxorubicin, vincristine or irinotecan were additive or synergistic in vitro. …

Pulmonary and Hepatic Complications of Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

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… Risk factors for development of pneumonitis after high-dose chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, BCNU and etoposide following by autologous stem cell transplant. Leuk and Lymphoma. 2012;53:1130–1136. doi: 10.3109/10428194.2011.645208. Leahey AM, Bunin NJ. …