Результаты поиска

Interpreting Randomized Controlled Trials.

This article describes rationales and limitations for making inferences based on data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We argue that obtaining a representative random sample from a patient population is impossible for a clinical trial because patients are accrued sequentially over time and thus comprise a convenience sample, subject only to protocol entry criteria. Consequently, the trial's sample is unlikely to represent a definable patient population. We use causal diagrams to illustrate the difference between random allocation of interventions within a clinical trial sample and tru

Small molecule inhibitors targeting the cancers.

Compared with traditional therapies, targeted therapy has merits in selectivity, efficacy, and tolerability. Small molecule inhibitors are one of the primary targeted therapies for cancer. Due to their advantages in a wide range of targets, convenient medication, and the ability to penetrate into the central nervous system, many efforts have been devoted to developing more small molecule inhibitors. To date, 88 small molecule inhibitors have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration to treat cancers. Despite remarkable progress, small molecule inhibitors in cancer treatme

Nucleic acid aptamers in orthopedic diseases: promising therapeutic agents for bone disorders.

Precision medicine has become a cornerstone in modern therapeutic strategies, with nucleic acid aptamers emerging as pivotal tools due to their unique properties. These oligonucleotide fragments, selected through the Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment process, exhibit high affinity and specificity toward their targets, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and other biomolecules. Nucleic acid aptamers offer significant advantages over traditional therapeutic agents, including superior biological stability, minimal immunogenicity, and the capacity for universal chemical modificatio

Rapidly Progressive Merkel Cell Carcinoma with Atypical Metastatic Pattern-A Case Report and Brief Literature Review.

Background and Clinical Significance: Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, aggressive neuroendocrine cutaneous malignancy with increasing incidence among elderly, immunocompromised patients or individuals exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Case Presentation: We present the case of an 84-year-old Caucasian male with no history of immunosuppression, who was admitted for asthenia, dysphagia, weight loss, and generalized weakness. Clinical and imaging investigations revealed a violaceous tumor on the right arm and disseminated metastases affecting the liver, spleen, bones and lymph nodes. A liver

Differential Pain-Related Behaviors and Bone Disease in Immunocompetent Mouse Models of Myeloma.

Bone pain is a serious and debilitating symptom of multiple myeloma (MM) that impairs the quality of life of patients. The underlying mechanisms of the pain are unknown and understudied, and there is a need for immunocompetent preclinical models of myeloma-induced bone pain. The aim of this study was to provide the first in-depth behavioral characterization of an immunocompetent mouse model of MM presenting the clinical disease features: osteolytic bone disease and bone pain. We hypothesized that a widely used syngeneic model of MM, established by systemic inoculation of green fluorescent prot

Immune Checkpoint Molecules: A Review on Pathways and Immunotherapy Implications.

BackgroundToday, treating cancer patients with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), by targeting immune checkpoints, is one of the most outstanding immunotherapeutic methods. Immune checkpoints are special molecules having regulatory role in immune system responses. Once these molecules are presented on cancer cells, these cells will be capable of evading the immune system through their own specific pathways. This Evasion can be prevented by counterbalancing immune system responses with immune checkpoints related antibodies.AimsThe current study aimed to highlight immunotherapy and its methods, descr

Targeting the two-pore channel 2 in cancer progression and metastasis.

The importance of Ca2+ signaling, and particularly Ca2+ channels, in key events of cancer cell function such as proliferation, metastasis, autophagy and angiogenesis, has recently begun to be appreciated. Of particular note are two-pore channels (TPCs), a group of recently identified Ca2+-channels, located within the endolysosomal system. TPC2 has recently emerged as an intracellular ion channel of significant pathophysiological relevance, specifically in cancer, and interest in its role as an anti-cancer drug target has begun to be explored. Herein, an overview of the cancer-related functions

Biopharmaceuticals for Cancer Treatment: An Update.

Cancer is one of the most debilitating diseases, causing profound physical and psychological impacts on patients. The global number of cancer patients has been steadily rising over the last few decades. The development of effective cancer therapies remains the primary focus in life science research, requiring a precise understanding of specific pathways and the regulation of tumor markers. The approved cancer therapies demonstrate effectiveness by acting on specific regulatory enzymes, components required for cell division, hormones, and cell-specific receptors, etc. While small-molecule drugs

The Proliferative and Apoptotic Landscape of Basal-like Breast Cancer.

Basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) is an aggressive molecular subtype that represents up to 15% of breast cancers. It occurs in younger patients, and typically shows rapid development of locoregional and distant metastasis, resulting in a relatively high mortality rate. Its defining features are that it is positive for basal cytokeratins and, epidermal growth factor receptor and/or c-Kit. Problematically, it is typically negative for the estrogen receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), which means that it is unsuitable for either hormone therapy or targeted HER2 therapy. As

Integumentary System

Аннотация не предоставлена источником. Откройте карточку для перехода к публикации.

High-dose vitamin C: A promising anti-tumor agent, insight from mechanisms, clinical research, and challenges.

Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, has sparked controversy since it first emerged as a potential anti-cancer agent. However, an increasing number of preclinical studies have demonstrated that high-dose vitamin C exhibits selective anti-tumor effects, including "pro-oxidative cytotoxicity", "anti-cancer epigenetic regulation", and "immune modulation". Consequently, vitamin C has reemerged as a promising anti-cancer therapy in the form of high-dose administration. Advancements in pharmacokinetic research have facilitated the development of clinical trials. Early clinical studies across vari

Совпадение в полном тексте источника
… High dose concentration administration of ascorbic acid inhibits tumor growth in BALB/C mice implanted with sarcoma 180 cancer cells via the restriction of angiogenesis J Transl Med 7 1 2009 70 19671184 10.1186/1479-5876-7-70 PMC2732919 24 Mamede A.C. Pires A.S. Abrantes A.M. …

MicroRNAs and long non-coding RNAs in pancreatic cancer: From epigenetics to potential clinical applications.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are two relevant classes of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that play a pivotal role in a number of molecular processes through different epigenetic regulatory mechanisms of gene expression. As a matter of fact, the altered expression of these types of RNAs leads to the development and progression of a varied range of multifactorial human diseases. Several recent reports elucidated that miRNA and lncRNAs have been implicated in pancreatic cancer (PC). For instance, dysregulation of such ncRNAs has been found to be associated with chemoresistance,

Targeting BCMA to Treat Multiple Myeloma: Updates From the 2021 ASH Annual Meeting.

With the gradual improvement of treatment regimens, the survival time of multiple myeloma (MM) patients has been significantly prolonged. Even so, MM is still a nightmare with an inferior prognosis. B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is highly expressed on the surface of malignant myeloma cells. For the past few years, significant progress has been made in various BCMA-targeted immunotherapies for treating patients with RRMM, including anti-BCMA mAbs, antibody-drug conjugates, bispecific T-cell engagers, and BCMA-targeted adoptive cell therapy like chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell. The 63r

Critical considerations for targeting colorectal liver metastases with nanotechnology.

Colorectal cancer remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Half of all patients develop liver metastases, presenting unique challenges for their treatment. The shortcomings of conventional chemotherapy has encouraged the use of nanomedicines; the application of nanotechnology in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. In spite of technological improvements in nanotechnology, the complexity of biological systems hinders the prospect of nanomedicines being applied in cancer therapy at the present time. This review highlights current biological barriers and discusses aspe

Switching Homes: How Cancer Moves to Bone.

Bone metastases (BM) are a very common complication of the most prevalent human cancers. BM are extremely painful and may be life-threatening when associated with hypercalcaemia. BM can lead to kidney failure and cardiac arrhythmias and arrest, but why and how do cancer cells decide to "switch homes" and move to bone? In this review, we will present what answers science has provided so far, with focus on the molecular mechanisms and cellular aspects of well-established findings, such as the concept of "vicious cycle" and "osteolytic" vs. "osteosclerotic" bone metastases; as well as on novel co

Are RNA Therapies a Solid Foundation or a Frontier Yet to Be Conquered?

The identification of microRNAs (miRNAs) has resulted in significant advancements in research, particularly regarding their utilization as diagnostic and therapeutic targets. This has generated enthusiasm for exploring the potential of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in treating cancer and other diseases, with miRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) showing particular promise. Over the past twelve years, there has been significant research into RNA-based treatments. Antisense oligonucleotides and small interfering RNAs are the most commonly used. Certain products have received Federal and Drug Admi

Prodrugs in Oncology: Bioactivation and Impact on Therapeutic Efficacy and Toxicity.

A prodrug is a molecule that lacks pharmacological activity, but upon enzymatic bioactivation, it can generate a therapeutically active molecule. The primary reason behind the design of a prodrug is to help circumvent challenges associated with the physicochemical properties of a drug molecule, such as solubility, absorption, distribution, and instability. Chemotherapy has been at the forefront of cancer treatment for over 70 years due to its ability to target rapidly proliferating tumor cells. However, a major concern with conventional chemotherapy is the lack of selectivity and its associate

Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma: From Past to Future-A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Advances.

Hodgkin lymphoma, a hematological malignancy of lymphoid origin that typically arises from germinal-center B cells, has an excellent overall prognosis. However, the treatment of patients who relapse or develop resistant disease still poses a substantial clinical and research challenge, even though current risk-adapted and response-based treatment techniques produce overall survival rates of over 95%. The appearance of late malignancies after the successful cure of primary or relapsed disease continues to be a major concern, mostly because of high survival rates. Particularly in pediatric HL pa

Освещение нанотерапевтики с точными глазами: от оптического к радионаностантике.

Рак по-прежнему относится к числу самых смертоносных заболеваний во всем мире, унося много жизней из-за высоких показателей смертности. Химиотерапия, являющаяся одной из основных форм лечения рака, приносит значительные выгоды, однако ей мешают недостатки, которые ставят под угрозу качество жизни пациентов. Таким образом, разработка альтернатив минимально инвазивному лечению по-прежнему представляет собой серьезную проблему. Среди них наноматериалы, легкая фототерапия, включая фотодинамическую терапию, фототермальную терапию и радиотерапию, являются перспективными вариантами, обеспечивающими т

Integrated Engineering of CAR-T Cells for Solid Tumours.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has achieved durable efficacy in hematologic malignancies but encounters persistent obstacles in solid tumours, including antigen heterogeneity, a suppressive tumour microenvironment (TME), and intrinsic T-cell dysfunction. This review examines the transition from single-axis engineering to an integrated framework that addresses these hurdles in sequence. We delineate how next-generation CAR-T cells are designed for precise spatiotemporal activation through logic-gated and pharmacologically regulatable receptors, while being reinforced by metaboli