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Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Basic Biology and Immuno-Oncolytic Viruses.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most lethal subtype of breast cancer. TNBC diagnoses account for approximately one-fifth of all breast cancer cases globally. The lack of receptors for estrogen, progesterone, and human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER-2, CD340) results in a lack of available molecular-based therapeutics. This increases the difficulty of treatment and leaves more traditional as well as toxic therapies as the only available standards of care in many cases. Recurrence is an additional serious problem, contributing substantially to its higher mortality rate as compared to

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… Thymidine kinase gene therapy with concomitant topotecan chemotherapy for recurrent ovarian cancer Cancer Gene Ther. 2000 7 839 844 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700192 10880013 167. Bernicker E.H. Teh B.S. Butler B. Chang J.C. …

Selenium Compounds as Novel Potential Anticancer Agents.

The high number of new cancer incidences and the associated mortality continue to be alarming, leading to the search for new therapies that would be more effective and less burdensome for patients. As there is evidence that Se compounds can have chemopreventive activity, studies have begun to establish whether these compounds can also affect already existing cancers. This review aims to discuss the different classes of Se-containing compounds, both organic and inorganic, natural and synthetic, and the mechanisms and molecular targets of their anticancer activity. The chemical classes discussed

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… In the experiments carried out by Spengler et al. [ 86 ], it was observed that compounds 19–21 exerted synergistic interactions with topotecan and vincristine, whereas additionally compounds 19 and 20 interacted with doxorubicin (Dox) and compound 19 interacted with cyclophosphamide. …

Optimizing treatment efficacy and fertility preservation in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A narrative review of ovarian shielding with total-body irradiation or treosulfan-based conditioning regimens.

BackgroundPediatric and adolescent/young adult (AYA) patients with hematologic malignancies often require hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) using conditioning regimens that pose high risks for gonadal toxicity. Traditional protocols, including total body irradiation (TBI) and busulfan-based regimens, can impair fertility. This review explores the potential of gonadal shielding during TBI and treosulfan-based conditioning as strategies to optimize treatment efficacy while preserving fertility.MethodsA PubMed search up to February 2025 was performed for English, peer-reviewed articl

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… Tubulin‐binding agents/vinca alkaloids (vincristine and vinblastine) Topoisomerase inhibitors (etoposide) Antitumor antibiotics (bleomycin, dactinomycin, and mitomycin C) Unknown risk | Antimetabolites (fluorouracil and thioguanine) Taxanes (paclitaxel and docetaxel) Topoisomerase inhibitors (irinotecan, topotecan …

PIM1 kinase and its diverse substrate in solid tumors.

The PIM kinase family, consisting of PIM1, PIM2, and PIM3, is a group of serine/threonine protein kinases crucial for cellular growth, immunoregulation, and oncogenesis. PIM1 kinase is often overexpressed in solid and hematopoietic malignancies, promoting cell survival, proliferation, migration, and senescence by activating key genes. In vitro and in vivo studies have established the oncogenic potential of PIM1 kinases. These kinases have been implicated in tumor progression, metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapy, underscoring their potential as a therapeutic target for cancer therapy. Th

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… Studies have shown that TP-3654 effectively reverses multidrug resistance in cancer cells that overexpress ABCG2, making them more responsive to cytotoxic drugs such as topotecan, SN-38, and mitoxantrone. …

Гут Микробиота Нарушение гематологовой терапии рака: Молекулярное понимание и последствия для эффективности лечения.

Гематологическая магнелезность (ГМ), включая лейкемию, лимфому и множественные миеломы, связана с бесконтрольным распространением аномальных кровеносных клеток, что создает серьезные клинические проблемы из-за их неоднородности и различных методов лечения. Несмотря на недавние достижения в области лечения, благодаря которым повысились показатели выживаемости, особенно в случае хронической лимфоцитической лейкемии и острой лимфоболической лейкемии, такие методы лечения, как химиотерапия и трансплантация стволовых клеток, часто нарушают микробиоту, что может негативно сказаться на результатах ле

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… Topoisomerase inhibitors, such as etoposide and topotecan, block enzymes essential for DNA replication, while mitotic inhibitors, like vincristine and paclitaxel, disrupt cell division. …

Decoding the mechanisms underlying breast cancer brain metastasis: paving the way for precision therapeutics.

The development of brain metastasis is a major cause of significantly reduced survival in breast cancer patients. The initiation and progression of breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM) involve multiple distinct molecular pathways and reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment (TME). This review systematically summarizes key mechanisms underlying BCBM, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, and the spatiotemporal dynamics of metabolic reprogramming regulated by critical signaling pathways during brain colonization. In particular, we highlight

Molecular Inhibitors of Growth Signals

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Theranostic Potentials of Gold Nanomaterials in Hematological Malignancies.

Hematological malignancies (HMs) are a heterogeneous group of blood neoplasia generally characterized by abnormal blood-cell production. Detection of HMs-specific molecular biomarkers (e.g., surface antigens, nucleic acid, and proteomic biomarkers) is crucial in determining clinical states and monitoring disease progression. Early diagnosis of HMs, followed by an effective treatment, can remarkably extend overall survival of patients. However, traditional and advanced HMs' diagnostic strategies still lack selectivity and sensitivity. More importantly, commercially available chemotherapeutic dr

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… Ganbold et al. (2013) [ 138 ] conjugated IM, topotecan (Topo), and 4-carboxylic benzoic acid (CBT) on the surface of AuNPs. Topo is a DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor that acts as a fluorescent-reporter molecule, while CBT targets transferrin protein. …

Trial Watch: combination of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and immunotherapy.

The past decades witnessed the clinical employment of targeted therapies including but not limited to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) that restrain a broad variety of pro-tumorigenic signals. TKIs can be categorized into (i) agents that directly target cancer cells, (ii) normalize angiogenesis or (iii) affect cells of the hematologic lineage. However, a clear distinction of TKIs based on this definition is limited by the fact that many TKIs designed to inhibit cancer cells have also effects on immune cells that are being discovered. Additionally, TKIs originally designed to target hematologi

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… Neuroendocrine cancer Urothelial cancer | Avelumab (anti-PD-L1) | Phase II NCT05289856 ; Phase III NCT05092958 | | RCC | DC vaccine | Phase II NCT05127824 | | RCC | Nivolumab (anti-PD-1) & Bempegaldesleukin (PEG-IL2) | Phase I–II NCT04540705 | | Sarcoma | Filgrastim (G-CSF) | Phase I NCT04661852 (+ CTX, topotecan …

Primary and Acquired Resistance to Immunotherapy in Lung Cancer: Unveiling the Mechanisms Underlying of Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy.

After several decades without maintained responses or long-term survival of patients with lung cancer, novel therapies have emerged as a hopeful milestone in this research field. The appearance of immunotherapy, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors, has improved both the overall survival and quality of life of patients, many of whom are diagnosed late when classical treatments are ineffective. Despite these unprecedented results, a high percentage of patients do not respond initially to treatment or relapse after a period of response. This is due to resistance mechanisms, which require unde

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… Among them, the phase III CheckMate-331 trial (nivolumab vs topotecan/amrubicin), the phase III CheckMate-451 trial (nivolumab vs nivolumab + ipilimumab vs placebo), the phase III KEYNOTE-604 trial (pembrolizumab + platinum/etoposide vs platinum/etoposide), the phase III CASPIAN trial (durvalumab ± tremelimumab …

P-Glycoprotein as a Therapeutic Target in Hematological Malignancies: A Challenge to Overcome.

P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a transmembrane efflux pump encoded by the ABCB1/MDR1 gene, is a major contributor to multidrug resistance in hematological malignancies. These malignancies, arising from hematopoietic precursors at various differentiation stages, can manifest in the bone marrow, circulate in the bloodstream, or infiltrate tissues. P-gp overexpression in malignant cells reduces the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents by actively expelling them, decreasing intracellular drug concentrations, and promoting multidrug resistance, a significant obstacle to successful treatment. This review exa

Food-derived compounds targeting ferroptosis for cancer therapy: from effects to mechanisms.

Ferroptosis is distinctive type programmed cell death. Tumor cells, with their higher iron levels, render them more susceptible to ferroptosis Inducing ferroptosis can activate immune cells, regulate immune evasion, and inhibit the biology activity of cancer cells. Therefore, ferroptosis-induced cancer cell death could become a promising approach for cancer treatment. Dietary compounds are an important source for drug discovery, and there has been an increasing amount of literature on food-derived ferroptosis inducers and their applications in cancer treatment. This review provides an overview

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… Overall, magnetic nanoparticle carriers had a stronger effect than did free topotecan in promoting apoptosis and ferroptosis in tumor cells ( 176 ) ( Figure 8A ). Additionally, Chen et al. successfully developed a novel polyphenol-metal nanostructure (nFeAPI) composed of Fe 3+ and API. …

Evolution of Cancer Pharmacological Treatments at the Turn of the Third Millennium.

The medical history of cancer began millennia ago. Historical findings of patients with cancer date back to ancient Egyptian and Greek civilizations, where this disease was predominantly treated with radical surgery and cautery that were often ineffective, leading to the death of patients. Over the centuries, important discoveries allowed to identify the biological and pathological features of tumors, without however contributing to the development of effective therapeutic approaches until the end of the 1800s, when the discovery of X-rays and their use for the treatment of tumors provided the

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… Finally, the class of antimitotic agents includes topoisomerase I inhibitors (topotecan, irinotecan) and microtubule stabilizing molecules, of which taxanes (paclitaxel, docetaxel, cabazitaxel) represent the most important compounds (Oberlies and Kroll, 2004 ). …

The role of polyamine metabolism in remodeling immune responses and blocking therapy within the tumor immune microenvironment.

The study of metabolism provides important information for understanding the biological basis of cancer cells and the defects of cancer treatment. Disorders of polyamine metabolism is a common metabolic change in cancer. With the deepening of understanding of polyamine metabolism, including molecular functions and changes in cancer, polyamine metabolism as a new anti-cancer strategy has become the focus of attention. There are many kinds of polyamine biosynthesis inhibitors and transport inhibitors, but not many drugs have been put into clinical application. Recent evidence shows that polyamin

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… Recruiting | 2 | DFMO to prevent recurrence | Etoposide | – Neuroblastoma | Active, not recruiting | 2 | DFMO to prevent recurrence | – | – Neuroblastoma | Active, not recruiting | 2 | DFMO to prevent recurrence | – | – Neuroblastoma | Active, not recruiting | 1 | DFMO to prevent recurrence | Celecoxib, Topotecan …

Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells and Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells in Myeloid Malignancies.

Myeloid malignancies arise from an altered hematopoietic stem cell and mainly comprise acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, myeloproliferative malignancies, and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Myeloid neoplastic leukemic cells may influence the growth and differentiation of other hematopoietic cell lineages in peripheral blood and bone marrow. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) display immunoregulatory properties by controlling the innate and adaptive immune systems that may induce a tolerant and supportive microenvironment for neoplasm

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… Moreover, HFCL co-culture protects AML cells from apoptosis induction by topoisomerase I (topo I) inhibitor topotecan (TPT) and, as observed by Annexin-V assay, activates a Caspase-3 decrease and increases Bcl-2 expression [ 119 ]. …

Antibodies to watch in 2018.

The pace of antibody therapeutics development accelerated in 2017, and this faster pace is projected to continue through 2018. Notably, the annual number of antibody therapeutics granted a first approval in either the European Union (EU) or United States (US) reached double-digits (total of 10) for the first time in 2017. The 10 antibodies granted approvals are: brodalumab, dupilumab, sarilumab, guselkumab, benralizumab, ocrelizumab, inotuzumab ozogamicin, avelumab, duvalumab, and emicizumab. Brodalumab, however, had already been approved in Japan in 2016. As of December 1, 2017, nine antibody

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… In this 2-arm study, patients will receive either IMGN853 IV at 6 mg/kg every 3 weeks, or chemotherapy (paclitaxel or doxorubicin or topotecan). The primary outcome measure is PFS. The estimated enrollment is 333 and the primary completion date is November 2018. …

Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common pediatric malignancy, characterized by the clonal proliferation of immature lymphoid precursors. The distinction between B-cell ALL (B-ALL) and T-cell ALL (T-ALL) is fundamental, as each subtype exhibits distinct cytomorphological, genetic, and clinical features influencing prognosis and therapeutic strategies. Conventional multi-phase chemotherapy has significantly improved survival rates, yet its efficacy is limited by severe short- and long-term toxicities, highlighting the need for more selective therapeutic approaches. Advances in mole

Mechanisms of ferroptotic and non-ferroptotic organ toxicity of chemotherapy: protective and therapeutic effects of ginger, 6-gingerol and zingerone in preclinical studies.

Chemotherapy (CT) is one of the flagship options for the treatment of cancers worldwide. It involves the use of cytotoxic anticancer agents to kill or inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells. However, despite its clinical efficacy, CT triggers side effect toxicities in several organs, which may impact cancer patient's quality of life and treatment outcomes. While the side effect toxicity is consistent with non-ferroptotic mechanisms involving oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial impairment and other aberrant signalling leading to apoptosis and necroptosis, recent studies show that f

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… PTX and DTX), topoisomerase inhibitors (e.g. topotecan and etoposide), anti-estrogens (e.g. TAM, toremifene) (Fig. 1 ) and a host of cell cycle inhibitors, anti-androgens and kinase inhibitors. …

Novel Strategies for Tumor Treatment: Harnessing ROS-Inducing Active Ingredients from Traditional Chinese Medicine Through Multifunctional Nanoformulations.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) encompass a diverse group of chemically reactive molecules or ions distinguished by their substantial oxidative potential. Empirical studies have shown that the targeted administration of high toxic concentrations of ROS can effectively induce tumor cell death in various types. Numerous bioactive ingredients derived from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), recognized for their ROS-inducing properties, have demonstrated significant anti-tumor activity. Nonetheless, their clinical application has been hindered by challenges such as low solubility, limited bioavailab

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… Nanoplatform for the delivery of topotecan in the cancer milieu: an appraisal of its therapeutic efficacy . Cancers . 2023 ; 15 ( 1 ): 65 . doi: 10.3390/cancers15010065 PMC9817931 36612067 17. Fu X , Shi Y , Qi T , et al. …

Prospects and Advances in Adoptive Natural Killer Cell Therapy for Unmet Therapeutic Needs in Pediatric Bone Sarcomas.

Malignant bone tumors are aggressive tumors, with a high tendency to metastasize, that are observed most frequently in adolescents during rapid growth spurts. Pediatric patients with malignant bone sarcomas, Ewing sarcoma and osteosarcoma, who present with progressive disease have dire survival rates despite aggressive therapy. These therapies can have long-term effects on bone growth, such as decreased bone mineral density and reduced longitudinal growth. New therapeutic approaches are therefore urgently needed for targeting pediatric malignant bone tumors. Harnessing the power of the immune

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… report of a child with relapsed/refractory osseous EWS, when the FDA approved NK cell line, NK92 was administered intratumorally into the mandibular metastasis, the treatment was well tolerated and an apparent regression in the facial mass was achieved when this therapy was combined with vincristine, topotecan …