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Olfactory and Trigeminal Routes of HSV-1 CNS Infection with Regional Microglial Heterogeneity.

UNLABELLED: Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) primarily targets the oral and nasal epithelia before establishing latency in the trigeminal and other peripheral ganglia (TG). HSV-1 can also infect and go latent in the central nervous system (CNS) independent of latency in the TGs. Recent studies suggest entry to the CNS via two distinct routes: the TG-brainstem connection and olfactory nerve; however, to date, there is no characterization of brain regions targeted during HSV-1 primary infection. Furthermore, the immune response by microglia may also contribute to the heterogeneity between dif

Defensive Perimeter in the Central Nervous System: Predominance of Astrocytes and Astrogliosis during Recovery from Varicella-Zoster Virus Encephalitis.

UNLABELLED: Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a highly neurotropic virus that can cause infections in both the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system. Several studies of VZV reactivation in the peripheral nervous system (herpes zoster) have been published, while exceedingly few investigations have been carried out in a human brain. Notably, there is no animal model for VZV infection of the central nervous system. In this report, we characterized the cellular environment in the temporal lobe of a human subject who recovered from focal VZV encephalitis. The approach included not

Substance P receptors in brain stem respiratory centers of the rat: regulation of NK1 receptors by hypoxia.

Substance P (SP) is a key neurotransmitter involved in the brain stem integration of carotid body chemoreceptor reflexes. In this study, the characteristics and location of SP receptors in the rat brain stem and their regulation by hypoxia were investigated using homogenate radioligand binding and quantitative autoradiography. Specific binding of [125I] Bolton-Hunter SP (BHSP) to brain stem homogenates was saturable (approximately 0.3 nM) and to a single class of high-affinity sites (K(d), 0.16 nM; maximum density of binding sites, 0.43 fmol/mg wet weight tissue). The order of potency of agoni

Contribution of peripheral 5-HT2A or 5-HT3 receptors to Fos expression in the trigeminal spinal nucleus produced by acute injury to the masseter muscle during persistent temporomandibular joint inflammation in rats.

We investigated the contribution of peripheral 5-HT2A or 5-HT3 receptors to Fos expression in the trigeminal spinal nucleus (VSP) following acute masseter muscle injury in male rats with or without temporomandibular joint (TMJ) inflammation persisting for 7 days. TMJ inflammation was evoked by an injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Two hours after formalin injection into the masseter muscle produced Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI) in several regions of the VSP and upper cervical spinal cord (C2), such as ventrolateral (vl) area of the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc)/subnucleu

Olfactory and trigeminal routes of HSV-1 CNS infection with regional microglial heterogeneity.

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) primarily targets the oral and nasal epithelia before establishing latency in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) and other peripheral ganglia. HSV-1 can also infect and become latent in the central nervous system (CNS) independent of latency in the TGs. Recent studies suggest entry to the CNS via two distinct routes: the TG-brainstem connection and olfactory nerve; however, to date, there is no characterization of brain regions targeted during HSV-1 primary infection. Furthermore, the immune response by microglia may also contribute to the heterogeneity between di

Evidence for multiple bulbar and higher brain circuits processing sensory inputs from the respiratory system in humans.

KEY POINTS: Unpleasant respiratory sensations contribute to morbidity in pulmonary disease. In rodents, these sensations are processed by nodose and jugular vagal sensory neurons, two distinct cell populations that differentially project to the airways and brainstem. Whether similar differences exist in bronchopulmonary sensory pathways in humans is unknown. We use functional magnetic resonance imaging during inhalation of capsaicin and ATP, showing that airway nodose pathways project centrally to the nucleus of the solitary tract, whereas jugular pathways input into the trigeminal brainstem n

Nano-in-Micro-Particles Consisting of PLGA Nanoparticles Embedded in Chitosan Microparticles via Spray-Drying Enhances Their Uptake in the Olfactory Mucosa.

Intranasal delivery has gained prominence since 1990, when the olfactory mucosa was recognized as the window to the brain and the central nervous system (CNS); this has enabled the direct site specific targeting of neurological diseases for the first time. Intranasal delivery is a promising route because general limitations, such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are circumvented. In the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) or Alzheimer's disease, for example, future treatment prospects include specialized particles as delivery vehicles. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles are we

Regulation of intrinsic and synaptic properties of neonatal rat trigeminal motoneurons by metabotropic glutamate receptors.

We studied how metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) activation modifies the synaptic and intrinsic membrane properties of neonatal rat trigeminal motoneurons using the broad-spectrum mGluR agonist (1S,3R)-1-amino-1,3-cyclopentane-dicarboxylic acid [(1S,3R)-ACPD], group I/II antagonist (+/-)-alpha-methyl-4-carboxy-phenylglycine (MCPG), and group III agonist L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutanoate (L-AP4). (1S,3R)-ACPD depressed excitatory transmission to trigeminal motoneurons presynaptically and postsynaptically via presynaptic inhibition and by reducing the currents carried by ionotropic glutamate

Expression changes of K+-Cl- co-transporter 2 and Na+-K+-Cl- co-transporter1 in mouse trigeminal subnucleus caudalis following pulpal inflammation.

Cation chloride co-transporters, including K(+)-Cl(-) co-transporter 2 (KCC2) and Na(+)-K(+)-Cl(-) co-transporter 1 (NKCC1), are of particular importance to GABAergic transmission and thus involved in the development of hyperalgesia at the spinal level. However, it is largely unknown whether these co-transporters in the trigeminal system contribute to dental pain. In this study, we investigated the expression of KCC2 and NKCC1 mRNAs in mouse trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) application to the tooth pulp by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain react

Histamine in migraine and brain.

BACKGROUND: Histamine has been studied in both health and disease since the initial description a century ago. With its vasodilative effect, it was suggested early on to be involved in the pathophysiology of migraine. Over the past 25 years, much has been learned about histamine as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. The role of this neurotransmitter system in migraine has not been previously reviewed. OBJECTIVE: Discuss a potential role of the brain histaminergic system in migraine. METHODS: Unstructured literature search with a no specific hypothesis-driven approach. RESULTS

Evidence for cellular injury in the midbrain of rats following chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve.

Complex behavioural disabilities, as well as pain, characterise neuropathic pain conditions for which clinical treatment is sought. In rats, chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve evokes, allodynia and hyperalgesia as well as three distinct patterns of disability, characterised by changes in social and sleep-wake behaviours: (i) Pain & Disability; (ii) Pain & Transient Disability and (iii) Pain alone. Importantly, the degree of allodynia and hyperalgesia is identical for each of these groups. Social-interactions and sleep-wake behaviours are regulated by neural networks, which

Radiosurgery to the Medial Thalamus for Chronic Pain: A Single Group Experience and Review of Literature.

Introduction Chronic pain presents a significant challenge in achieving effective treatment and can greatly reduce patients' quality of life. Many individuals can undergo multiple therapies with limited success. Stereotactic medial thalamotomy is a treatment option for certain types of chronic pain when other measures have failed. This study aims to assess the efficacy and safety of radiosurgical medial thalamotomy based on nearly a decade of experience in managing chronic intractable pain of both malignant and non-malignant origins. Methods This retrospective study included 56 patients who un

Сочетание низкотемпературной радиочастотной термокоагуляции и импульсной радиочастоты двустороннего ганглиона Гассериана для двусторонней тригеминной нейронгии из-за множественного склероза: отчет о деле.

Двусторонний тригеминальный нейронный вторичный склероз является крайне редким заболеванием. Когда проводится ганглионный блок Гассериана, необходимо добиться надежного долгосрочного анальгетического эффекта, избегая при этом осложнений, связанных с лечением. КИСЛОТА: 49-летний самец с множественным склерозом продемонстрировал стойкую скучную боль и пароксисмическую электрическую боль, похожую на шоковую, в своих двусторонних максимальных миллиардных молярах и челюсти. У него был диагностирован тригеминальный нейронный диагноз, вызванный множественным склерозом. Из-за серьезных побочных эффект

Совпадение в полном тексте источника
… Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images of brain magnetic resonance imaging showed high-signal areas (arrows) around the corpus callosum, lateral ventricles, and bilateral trigeminal nuclei in the bilateral pars ventralis pontis, suggesting demyelination. … Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images of brain magnetic resonance imaging showed high-signal areas (arrows) around the corpus callosum, lateral ventricles, and bilateral trigeminal nuclei in the bilateral pars ventralis pontis, suggesting demyelination. …

Глубокая стимуляция мозга в гипоталамической области: систематический обзор.

КОЛИЧЕСТВО: Глубокая стимуляция мозга (БРС) успешно используется для лечения циклопатии, включая движение, беспокойство и поведенческие расстройства. Гипоталамус является важнейшим интеграционным центром для многих периферийных и центральных путей, связанных с сердечно - сосудистыми, метаболическими и поведенческими функциями, и представляет собой потенциальную цель нейромодуляции в лечебных условиях. Проведение систематического обзора, изучение гипоталамических целей в ДБС, их признаков и основных клинических результатов.МЕТОДЫ: База данных PubMed, Scopus и Web of Science была подвергнута обы

Мигрен и напряжённый тип голова ассоциируются с множественным склерозом: исследование по изучению конкретных случаев.

Справочная информация/задачи: За последние несколько десятилетий наблюдается рост научного интереса к распространенности заболеваний головной болью среди людей с MS (PwMS). Хотя последние данные свидетельствуют о наличии связи между мигренью и множественным склерозом, исследования дают непоследовательные результаты главным образом из-за методологических различий, включая небольшие размеры выборки, отсутствие контрольных групп, отсутствие структурированных дневников с головной болью и изменчивость диагностических критериев. Цель этого исследования состоит в том, чтобы решить вопрос о том, имеет

Leptomeningeal Metastasis: The Role of Cerebrospinal Fluid Diagnostics.

Background: Metastatic spread into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) represents a severe complication of malignant disease with poor prognosis. Although early diagnosis is crucial, broad spectrums of clinical manifestations, and pitfalls of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and CSF diagnostics can be challenging. Data are limited how CSF parameters and MRI findings relate to each other in patients with leptomeningeal metastasis. Methods: Patients with malignant cells in CSF cytology examination diagnosed between 1998 and 2016 at the Department of Neurology in the Hannover Medical School were includ

Протеолипид Протеин-1 и его периферальная изоформа DM20 у пациентов с аутоиммунными расстройствами CNS.

: Антитела для протеолипидного белка-1 (PLP1-IgG), крупного центрального миелина, также выраженного в периферической нервной системе (PNS) в качестве изоформы DM20, ранее были идентифицированы главным образом у пациентов с множественным склерозом (MS), с неясными клиническими последствиями. Однако большинство исследований основывалось на неконформационных иммуномассах и охватывало лишь небольшое число пациентов с аутоиммунными расстройствами демиелионации (АДД), не относящимися к ПС CNS. Мы стремились изучить конформацию PLP1-IgG во всем спектре ОДЗ.МЕТОДЫ: Мы разработали новый анализ на основ

Тонаберсат усиливает цитотоксичность в глиобластоме с помощью темозоломида путем нарушения межклеточной связи через коннексин 43 ингибирование.

Клетки глиобластомы зависят от коннексина 43 (Cx43) на основе данных о разрыве (GJs) для межклеточной связи, позволяющей им интегрироваться в широко разветвленную злокачественную сеть. Несмотря на многообещающие перспективы новой целевой терапии, отсутствие клинически осуществимых ингибиторов GJ препятствует их внедрению в клинической практике. В настоящем исследовании мы изучили тонаберсат (ТО) — лекарство, вызывающее кровоизлияние в мозг и имеющее свойства GJ-ингиберия, с точки зрения его способности разобрать межклеточную связь в сетях глиобластомы. Для изучения функциональной межклеточной

Diseases of the Nervous System

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An unusual case of aggressive endometrial adenocarcinoma metastasis to the clivus: illustrative case.

BackgroundThough endometrial carcinomas are a relatively common cancer of the female genitourinary tract, they rarely metastasize. Similarly, clival metastases make up a tiny fraction of all brain metastases. To the authors' knowledge, an endometrial carcinoma clival metastasis has never been described in the literature; therefore, the authors present the following unusual case of a 69-year-old female with a history of an initially grade 2 endometrial adenocarcinoma that metastasized to her clivus.ObservationsEndometrial carcinoma has the potential to metastasize to the clivus.LessonsEndometri