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Detection of an autoantibody from Pug dogs with necrotizing encephalitis (Pug dog encephalitis).

An autoantibody against canine brain tissue was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum of two Pug dogs (Nos. 1 and 2) by indire … inst glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) revealed that the autoantibody recognized GFAP-positive astrocytes and their cytoplasmic projections. By immunoblot analysis, the autoantibody from CSF of these Pug dogs recognized two common positive bands at 58 and 54 kd, which corresponded to the molecular mass of human GFAP. The role of this autoantibody for as …

Chronic alcoholics have substantial glial pathology in the forebrain and diencephalon.

We have analyzed glial changes in forebrain and diencephalic regions in 19 alcoholics with different histories of chronic alcohol consumptio … immunohistochemically for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). In control tissue, GFAP-positive astrocytes were intimately associated with ependymal, pial, and vascular surfaces. In alcoholic cases, the morphology of these cells was markedly changed showing enlargement of the cell bodies and beading of the cellular processes. In contrast to controls, GFA …

Update on current models of HIV-related neuronal injury: platelet-activating factor, arachidonic acid and nitric oxide.

This review aims to summarize recent work related to the pathogenesis and possible treatment of neuronal injury in the acquired immunodefici … demise of neurons via a potentially complex web of interactions between macrophages (or microglia), astrocytes, and neurons. HIV-infected monocytoid cells (macrophages, microglia or monocytes), especially after interacting with astrocytes, secrete substances that potentially contribute to neurotoxicity. Not all of these substances are yet known, but they may …

Simultaneous detection of ferritin and HIV-1 in reactive microglia.

Using ferritin as a marker of reactive microglia, we demonstrated a close association between proliferation of reactive microglia and expres … sing anti-ferritin and cell-specific markers showed that ferritin-positive cells were distinct from astrocytes, neurons and endothelia using anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (anti-GFAP), anti-neurofilament protein and Ulex europaeus agglutinin 1, respectively. In 5 AIDS brains, only ferritin-positive cells were shown to contain HIV-1 gp41 antigen using d …

Basic fibroblast growth factor prevents thalamic degeneration after cortical infarction.

In the focal infarction model of the rat middle cerebral artery (MCA), the thalamus of the occluded side becomes gradually atrophic, mainly … puterized analysis of the cell size substantiated this observation. To assess the effect of bFGF on astrocytes, bFGF or vehicle solution was injected into normal rats, and their histology was evaluated at 1, 2, and 4 weeks after injection. The bFGF-injected group showed a significant increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes in the brai …

Cytology and organization of reactive astroglia in human cerebellar cortex with severe loss of granule cells: a study on the ataxic form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

In order to investigate the cellular basis of human astrogliosis, we have selected the cerebellar cortex because it provides a relatively simple and geometrical organization of both neuronal and glial populations. A pathological system with severe and progressive loss of granule cells was studied: the ataxic form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, where the tissue geometry is minimally disturbed. The quantitative study revealed a drastic reduction in the numerical density of granule cells in the Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease cerebellum, and a significant increase in the numerical density of astrocytes.…

Long duration Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease.

The first patient was a woman hospitalized at the age of 43 years; she received the diagnosis of presenile dementia because of a progressive … in involved regions. Lamination and polarity were not preserved. There was considerable increase of astrocytes and microglia, and focal sponginess was prominent. The hippocampus showed atrophy of Sommer's sector and subiculum. There were no neurofibrillary tangles and no argyrophilic plaques. The occipital sections showed little neuronal loss and no increase …

[Studies on ultrastructural changes in perivascular cells (F.G.P.) of small cerebral vessels at the initial stage after cold injury--chronological observations on F.G.P. within 24 hours].

As the potentiated cells in reaction to cerebral edema and damage, microglia, astrocytes and macrophages had been listed. Recent neuropathological study elucidated that most of cerebral macrophages were derived from blood leucocytes including monocytes. Several years ago, one of the authors reported the presence of histiocytic cells in perivascular space and named them as fluorescent granular perithelial (F.G.P.) cells from their morphological characteristics. The present paper is concerned with the response of the F.G.P. cells to the vasogenic edema induced with cold injury. The animals emplo…

Indocyanine green angiography of retinal astrocytomas associated with tuberous sclerosis.

As small astrocytic hamartomas can sometimes be missed during routine ophthalmoscopy in patients with tuberous sclerosis, fluorescein and/-or indocyanine green angiography maybe more helpful in identifying such small astrocytomas. In fluorescein angiography, astrocytomas show gradually increasing hyperfluorescence due to the vascular permeability of astrocytomas. In indocyanine green angiography, astrocytomas appear hypocyanescent, most prominently during the late phases. We report the indocyanine green angiographic findings of retinal astrocytomas in a patient with tuberous sclerosis.

[Meningeal hemorrhage disclosing a brain tumor in a child].

The case of a 14-year-old girl who had severe subarachnoid bleeding as the first manifestation of a benign astrocytic tumor of the lateral aspect of the third ventricle is reported. Tumors that cause bleeding are usually neuroectodermal tumors in children and malignant tumors in adults. A review of the literature serves as the basis for a discussion of the frequency of bleeding as the first manifestation of brain tumors (1 to 10%) and of the pathogenesis of these hemorragies for which three theories (vascular, mechanical, and metabolic) have been put forward.

Флюидовый коннектом в болезни мозга: интеграция аквапорина-4 Полярности с многосистемными путями в нейродегенерации.

То, как Аквапорин-4 (AQP4) локализован на поверхности астроцитов, т.е. каналы AQP4, расположенные преимущественно на конечной части астроцитов вблизи кровеносных сосудов, представляют собой важный структурный элемент для поддержания гомеостаза мозговой жидкости. В дополнение к этой структурной функции полярность AQP4 также облегчает глимфатический перенос, поддержание функций кровеносного барьера (BBB), ионное буферирование и удаление нейротрансмиттера, а также помогает регулировать нейроваскулярную связь. Растущий объем литературы говорит о том, что потеря полярности AQP4 в организации канало

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
The way in which Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is localized on the astrocytes' surface-i.e., with AQP4 channels predominantly located on the endfeet of astrocytes near the blood vessels-represents an important structural element for maintaining brain fluid homeostasis. In addition to this structural function, AQP4 polarity also facilitates glymphatic transport, the mai…

Protocol for isolation of the brain vasculature from the mouse cortex for proteomics.

The neurovascular unit, composed of brain endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytes, regulates molecular exchange between blood and the central nervous system. Here, we present a protocol to isolate brain vessels from the mouse cortex using mechanical homogenization and dextran density-gradient centrifugation. We describe steps for cardiac perfusion, meningeal and white matter removal, homogenization, and separation of capillary-depleted parenchyma. We detail procedures for validating purity by immunofluorescence and western blot followed by sample preparation for liquid chromatography-tand…

Protocol to assess the effects of dysfunctional human vascular smooth muscle cells on other brain cells using in vitro models of Alzheimer's disease.

Here, we present a protocol to culture primary human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) under Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like conditions, including steps for morphological characterization with microscopy. We then describe functional assays, including wound healing, transwell, coculture, and supernatant assays, to evaluate the effect of dysfunctional VSMCs on the induction of the AD-associated microglial phenotype. Our approach can be applied to assess the effects of dysfunctional VSMCs on other cerebral cell lines including pericytes, astrocytes, and neurons under AD-like conditions in vitro.…

Challenges in the pharmacological treatment of patients under suspicion of chronic traumatic encephalopathy: A review.

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is caused by progressive neurodegeneration associated with repetitive head impacts. This disease is more common in professionals who practice contact sports, resulting in a concussion and subconcussive trauma. CTE is characterized by the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau protein in neurons, astrocytes, and frontotemporal lobe degeneration. Symptoms are usually nonspecific and overlap with other neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia, making it difficult to provide drug treatment for patients with this com…

Clinical, radiologic, and pathologic features of the globular glial tauopathy subtype of frontotemporal lobar degeneration in right temporal variant frontotemporal dementia with salient features of Geschwind syndrome.

Globular Glial Tauopathy (GGT) is a rare form of Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD) consisting of 4-repeat tau globular inclusions in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. We present the pathological findings of GGT in a previously published case of a 73-year-old woman with behavioral symptoms concerning for right temporal variant frontotemporal dementia with initial and salient features of Geschwind syndrome. Clinically, she lacked motor abnormalities otherwise common in previously published GGT cases. Brain MRI showed focal right anterior temporal atrophy (indistinguishable from five FTLD-T…

Hypothalamic Hamartomas: A Comprehensive Review of Literature - Part 3: Updates on Radiotherapy Management.

Hypothalamic hamartomas (HH) are rare, non-neoplastic heterotopic tissues which contains normal neurons and glia including oligodendrocytes and fibrillary astrocytes but in an abnormal distribution. They arise from the floor of the third ventricle, tuber cinereum, or mammillary bodies. Estimated incidence ranges from 1 in 50,000 to 1 in 1,000,000. Hypothalamic hamartomas are associated with different clinical presentations including various types of seizures, most characteristically; the gelastic seizures, precocious puberty, cognitive impairment and behavioral changes. In this review, the aut…

Progressive supranuclear palsy and primary lateral sclerosis secondary to globular glial tauopathy: a case report and a practical theoretical framework for the clinical prediction of this rare pathological entity.

Globular glial tauopathy (GGT) is a rare 4-repeat tauopathy characterized by the accumulation of tau globular inclusions in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Several clinical phenotypes have been associated with GGT, making the prediction of this rare pathological entity difficult. We report the case of a patient with eye-movement abnormalities and gait instability, reminiscent of progressive supranuclear palsy-Richardson's syndrome (PSP-RS), who later developed upper motor neuron symptoms suggestive of primary lateral sclerosis (PLS). Neuropathological assessment revealed GGT type III patholog…

Protection of Neurovascular Unit Cells with Lithium Chloride and Sodium Valproate Prevents Brain Damage in Neonatal Ischemia/Hypoxia.

Here we studied the cytoprotective effect of lithium chloride and sodium valproate in the in vivo model of neonatal cerebral ischemia/hypoxia and analyzed the influence of these substances on the death of the major neurovascular unit components in experimental ischemia in vitro. Lithium chloride and sodium valproate effectively prevented death of neurons, astrocytes, and endothelial cells in the oxygen-glucose deprivation. This treatment protected the brain of newborn rats from ischemia/hypoxia injury. The results suggest that lithium and sodium valproate can be used for the treatment of neuro…

Design, synthesis and identification of a new class of triarylmethyl amine compounds as inhibitors of apolipoprotein E production.

We have identified a new class of triarylmethyl amine compounds that can inhibit apolipoprotein E (apoE) production. ApoE is a cholesterol- and lipid-carrier protein implicated in aging, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and other neurological and lipid-related disorders. Attenuation of apoE production is generally considered to be of therapeutic value. A majority of the apoE in the brain is produced by astrocytes. Here, we describe the design, synthesis, and biological screening of a small library of compounds that led to the identification of four triarylmethyl amines as potent inhi…

Inflammation in the early stages of neurodegenerative pathology.

Inflammation is secondary to protein accumulation in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Emerging evidence indicate sustained inflammatory responses, involving microglia and astrocytes in animal models of neurodegeneration. It is unknown whether inflammation is beneficial or detrimental to disease progression and how inflammatory responses are induced within the CNS. Persistence of an inflammatory stimulus or failure to resolve sustained inflammation can result in pathology, thus, mechanisms that counteract inflammation are indispen…