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Impact of language concordant care on comprehension and adherence to infection prevention protocols among hospitalized patients: A multicentre survey.

BACKGROUND: Language concordant care can influence patient outcomes. The level of language concordant care and its impact on adherence to infection prevention protocols has not been well described. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether patients' preferred language impacts their ability to follow infection prevention protocols. METHODS: A multicentre survey was performed to assess understanding and self-reported adherence to two different sets of infection prevention instructions: preoperative chlorhexidine bathing before cardiac surgery and central line care during chemotherapy for hematologic malign…

Protein Language Model-Guided Engineering of a 2,3-Butanediol Dehydrogenase for the Enantioselective Synthesis of Cyclic α-Hydroxy Ketones.

(2R,3R)-butanediol dehydrogenases (BDHs) are promising catalysts for the production of α-hydroxy ketones, which are highly valuable compounds in the synthesis of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals. However, (2R,3R)-BDHs display limited stereoselectivity, thus restricting wider applications. In this study, we engineered a (2R,3R)-BDH from Bacillus subtilis (BsBDH) to enhance and invert its stereoselectivity toward 1,2-cyclohexanediol (1,2-CHD) for the production of chiral 2-hydroxycyclohexanone. The hot spots 115, 118, 293 of BsBDH were initially identified using the protein language model ESM-…

Elinzanetant for the Treatment of Menopausal Hot Flashes: A Plain Language Review of the OASIS-1-4 Clinical Trial Results.

What is this review about?During the menopausal transition, women may experience disruptive symptoms like hot flashes during the day or night (night sweats) and have trouble sleeping. Many current treatments for hot flashes do not work for everyone because of potential side effects, health concerns, or individual needs and preferences.Elinzanetant is a hormone-free treatment for hot flashes linked to menopause. It works by targeting the source of hot flashes in the brain. This summary covers the results from four randomized clinical trials that tested elinzanetant in women: OASIS-1, OASIS-2, O

Core open science practices in major medical journals: development of an automatized tool based on a Large Language Model.

BACKGROUND: Open science practices are increasingly promoted to improve the transparency and reproducibility of biomedical research, and their large-scale monitoring has been identified as a priority by initiatives such as the UNESCO Recommendation on Open Science. Existing automated tools cover only narrow subsets of practices. We developed and validated an automated tool, based on locally run open-weights large language models (LLMs), to extract a core set of 13 open science practices from published medical research articles. METHODS: We built a validation database of 303 research articles …

Validity of the Cepstral Spectral Index of Dysphonia in the Persian Language in Sustained Vowel, Sentence, and All-Voiced Sentence Contexts.

PURPOSE: Cepstral Spectral Index of Dysphonia (CSID) characterizes and objectively quantifies characteristics of voice quality. The findings of CSID's impact in determining dysphonia characteristics in different languages, however, are unclear but important if this tool is to be used cross-linguistically. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to determine the validity of CSID in Persian speakers. METHOD: Persian-speaking participants were assigned to two groups: patients with voice disorders (n = 102) and vocally healthy speakers (n = 38). They produced a sustained vowel /ɑ/ and a Persian c…

fNIRS Hemodynamic Alterations in Developmental and Acquired Language Disorders and Dyslexia: An Exploratory Transdiagnostic Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Language disorders and dyslexia are associated with atypical language- and reading-related processing, but findings from functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) studies remain heterogeneous. This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesized existing fNIRS evidence, quantified hemodynamic differences relative to controls, and examined whether different outcomes showed different levels of consistency. Methods: PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched through 9 January 2026. Eligible studies included individuals with language disorders or dyslexia assessed using fNIRS…

Evaluation of the accuracy and reproducibility of large language models (ChatGPT, DeepSeek, Gemini) in responding to patient-centered lipedema questions.

BackgroundLipedema is a frequently misdiagnosed chronic condition that significantly impacts patients' quality of life. As artificial intelligence (AI)-based large language models (LLMs) become increasingly integrated into healthcare communication, their accuracy and consistency in providing patient-centered information require thorough evaluation, especially in rare diseases like lipedema. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of responses generated by ChatGPT, DeepSeek, and Gemini to questions frequently asked by patients with lipedema.MethodsThis cross-sec…

Development and Validation of the ATRAI Questionnaire to Assess Attitudes Toward Large Language Models in Clinical Setting (ATRAI-LLM).

BACKGROUND: Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into real-world medical practice as chatbots for answering clinical queries. However, the perceptions of this technology among its end-users remain understudied. Existing research on physicians' attitudes toward LLMs relies on non-validated questionnaires, raising concerns about the accuracy and reliability of the findings. The aim of this study is to develop and validate a questionnaire to assess physicians' attitudes toward LLM-based chatbots used as a reference tool for answering queries. METHODS: The instrument was based…

Generalist Large-Language Models for Spine Imaging Diagnostics: An Early Analysis of Detection Performance for Scoliosis and Lumbar Stenosis.

BACKGROUND: Web-based large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used by patients for medical self-assessment, but their efficacy in spine imaging diagnostics remains underexplored. This study systematically evaluated 5 leading multimodal LLMs-Grok 2, Grok 3, Grok 4, ChatGPT, and Gemini-for detecting scoliosis and lumbar spinal stenosis across radiographs and MRI modalities. METHODS: We assessed 171 full-length anterior-posterior radiographs (100 with scoliosis, 71 normal) and 200 axial T2-weighted lumbar spine MRIs (100 with severe stenosis, 100 normal) from public databases. Models were …

Plain language summary of a study on 30-minute intravenous infusion of isatuximab in people with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma.

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… This is an abstract of the Plain Language Summary of Publication article. … View the full Plain Language Summary PDF of this article to read the full-text Link to original article here Disclosure statement Enrique M Ocio received honoraria from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb/Celgene, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Oncopeptides, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi, and Takeda; …

Distillation of a Locally Deployable 8B Language Model for Lung Histology Abstraction: A 33-Report Proof-of-Concept Study.

BACKGROUND: The manual data abstraction process for lung cancer registries is a labor-intensive undertaking that often results in registry lag. While cloud-based Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit high reasoning acuity, their reliance on third-party APIs poses significant data privacy risks and conflicts with institutional data sovereignty. PURPOSE: The objective of this study is to develop and provide a pilot proof-of-concept validation of a secure, tiered hybrid architecture for the localized four class extraction of lung cancer pathology reports using domain-specific Small Language Model…

Diagnostic performance of a multimodal large language model in assessing the index of complexity, outcome, and need: comparison with orthodontist evaluation.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the performance of a multimodal large language model (MLLM), Chat Generative Pretrained Transformer-5.5 (ChatGPT-5.5), in determining orthodontic treatment need based on the Index of Complexity, Outcome, and Need (ICON) using intraoral photographs and digital model images. Agreement at the ICON component level and consistency with the total ICON score were also examined. METHODS: A total of 104 patients contributed 520 intraoral photographs and 520 rendered digital model images. Two orthodontists independently scored all ICON components (aesthetics, crowding/s…

Perceived Impact on the Daily Lives of Patients With Spinal Muscular Atrophy Treated With Nusinersen: A Natural Language Processing Approach.

OBJECTIVE: Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a rare neuromuscular disorder caused by SMN1 mutations, leading to progressive muscle weakness. … red questionnaire with closed and open-ended items. Narrative responses were analyzed using natural language processing (NLP) and topic modeling to identify recurring patterns. RESULTS: Caregivers reported consistent positive effects. NLP identified 3 thematic clusters: functional and daily progress (34.9%), global improvement and quality of life (33.6%), …

Integrating disability and language access education in undergraduate medical training: a curriculum mapping study at a rural medical school.

This study offers a detailed analysis of how disability and English as a Second Language (ESL) competencies are incorporated into undergraduate medical curricula. Using systematic curriculum mapping at a rural LCME-accredited medical school, the research quantifies the hours dedicated to these areas-approximately 202 hours for disability-related topics and 177 hours for ESL-distributed across all four years. The curriculum emphasizes foundational knowledge in social determinants of health, cultural humility, communication strategies, and health disparities, with increasing clinical application…

Identifying Unmonitored Tone Drift in Patient Education Materials Transcribed to a Lower Reading Level by a Large Language Model.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Effective patient education is essential in neurosurgery, but many materials exceed recommended readability levels, which can limit comprehension and informed consent. Simplification can also alter tone, potentially introducing bias. Recent studies have used large language models such as Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) to simplify neurosurgical patient education materials (PEMs), but the impact of this process on sentiment and emotional tone remains unclear. Our objective was to assess the sentiment and emotional tone of neurosurgical PEMs before an…

Evaluation of the performance and temporal variability of large language models in patient education regarding pneumothorax: a seven-day analysis.

This study investigates the readability, clinical reliability, and temporal consistency of artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots regarding pneumothorax information. A question bank comprising 40 patient-centered queries was deployed across three large language models (ChatGPT, Gemini, Copilot), stratified by two access tiers and two prompting strategies (zero-shot versus the optimized PROMPORT strategy). Queries were replicated longitudinally on Days 1, 3, and 7 under strict session-control protocols. Text accessibility was quantified using five automated readability indices, while two indepen…

Advancing ERP-based tools for language monitoring in chronic aphasia: psychometric and clinical utility of the word-level N400.

The N400 is a potential biomarker for cognitive-linguistic recovery in people with aphasia (PWA), as several studies have demonstrated treat … ity and stability of N400 across groups, and explored relationships between the N400 and behavioral language performance. Our findings demonstrate successful validation of semantic and phonological tasks that elicit the N400, and two control tasks that do not. These tasks elicited N400 responses in PWA and controls, indicating similar underlying processing …

The Contribution of Parent Lexical Diversity and Grammatical Complexity to Later Language Outcomes in Mandarin-Speaking Children With Cochlear Implants.

PURPOSE: The study examined the relative contribution of parent lexical diversity and grammatical complexity at different time points to subsequent language outcomes in Mandarin-speaking children with cochlear implants (CIs). METHOD: Participants were 25 Mandarin-speaking children who received cochlear implantation before 30 months of age. At 1 and 2 years after CI activation, we collected language samples that involved the child playing with the parent for 30 min. The parent's number of different words (NDW) and mean length of utterance (MLU) were computed from the free play for each time po…

A Machine Learning and Large Language Model Tool for Systematic Literature Reviews of Health Economic Evidence: A Validation Study.

BACKGROUND: Systematic literature reviews offer high potential for efficiency gains from artificial intelligence (AI), now integrated into s … s replicated using a machine learning-based inclusion prediction model (Robot Screener) and a large language model-based criteria screener (Smart Screener) within Nested Knowledge software, with performance benchmarked against the original human-conducted systematic literature review. RESULTS: The AI-generated search retrieved 22/43 (51%) PubMed articles …

Lactobacillus supplementation for Helicobacter pylori eradication in children: A language-inclusive systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and safety.

BACKGROUND: Increasing antibiotic resistance has reduced the effectiveness of standard Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication therapies in children. Probiotics, particularly Lactobacillus species, have been proposed as adjuvants to improve treatment outcomes and reduce side effects. AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Lactobacillus spp. alongside standard eradication therapy in pediatric populations, emphasizing globally representative evidence through inclusion of non-English studies, especially from high-prevalence regions such as China. METHODS: We conducted a systematic revi