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Serum concentrations of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, fibrinogen and hyaluronan distinguish inflammation and cartilage destruction in experimental arthritis in rats.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated if changes in serum/plasma fibrinogen (FIB), hyaluronan (HA) and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) levels can be used to differentiate between inflammation and cartilage involvement during arthritis. METHODS: Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), oil-induced arthritis (OIA) and for comparison, experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) induced in DA rats were investigated. RESULTS: Elevations of FIB concentrations were apparent at days 4-7 post-immunization in both arthritis models reaching a maximum on day 20-21, i.e. before peak arthritis. Elevations of HA

Detection of encephalitis viruses in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and avian tissues.

ABSTRACT Diagnostic assays for the detection of St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) and western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) viruses in mosquito pools and avian tissues were compared for sensitivity, accuracy and specificity. The in situ enzyme immunoassay (EIA), plaque assay on Vero cells, passage in Aedes albopictus Skuse C6/36 and C7/10 cells, antigen capture enzyme immunoassay (AC-EIA), and single and multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR) were evaluated using pools of 50 mosquitoes containing 1-2 experimentally infected individuals. RT-PCR was the most sensitive as…

Improved mucosal protection against Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is induced by the molecularly defined, live-attenuated V3526 vaccine candidate.

The genetically engineered, live-attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus vaccine candidate, V3526, was evaluated as a replacement for the TC-83 virus vaccine. Protection from lethal subcutaneous or aerosol challenge was evaluated in vaccinated mice clinically and immunohistochemically. Subcutaneous administration of V3526 induced systemic and mucosal protection more efficiently than did the TC-83 vaccine. The bronchial IgA responses induced in mice by subcutaneous administration of vaccines significantly corresponded to the ability to survive aerosol challenge with virulent virus

Immunity to airborne challenge with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus develops rapidly after immunization with the attenuated vaccine strain TC-83.

Mice vaccinated subcutaneously with the attenuated vaccine strain of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) rapidly develop immunity to subcutaneous or airborne challenge with virulent VEEV. The specificity of this immune response was demonstrated by challenge with a heterologous virus (St. Louis encephalitis virus). Examination of the levels of VEEV-specific antibody classes in serum and respiratory secretions suggested that the rapid development of immunity was coincident with the appearance of specific IgM and IgG (but not IgA) in the respiratory tract. In order to confirm the role of

Immune diagnosis of paraneoplastic neurological disease.

A continuous stream of new information on clinical, pathological and immunological aspects of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes has been published in recent years. In this survey, we will discuss current opinions on the value of anti-neuronal antibody detection for establishing a diagnosis of one of the paraneoplastic syndromes of the central nervous system.

Purification, concentration, and inactivation of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus.

Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus was purified and concentrated by chromatography of tissue culture supernatant fluids on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose columns. Stepwise gradient elution studies indicated a broad elution pattern for the virus, with recovery occurring from 0.05 to 0.7 m NaCl. Optical density, infectivity, hemagglutination (HA), and complement fixation (CF) assays indicated that complete recovery of input virus in highly purified form was possible. Single-step elution with 0.7 m tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-succinate-salt buffer resulted in a virus volume decrease of 8

Proteomic Profiling and Therapeutic Targeting of Oxidative Stress in Autoimmune Encephalitis.

Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is an immune-mediated non-infectious disease, and novel and robust biomarkers are needed to improve the diagnosis and prognostic outcomes of AE. Oxidative stress is a ubiquitous cellular process causing damage to various biological molecules. The aim of our study was to understand the clinical implication and mechanism underlying oxidative stress in AE. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was conducted on the serum of eight patients with AE and seven healthy controls, and oxidative stress was characterized. Experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) mo

BATF2 является регулятором интерферона β, сигнализирующего в астроцитах во время нейроинфламмации.

Астроцитический интерферон (IFN) (IFN) (информация) связан с уменьшением нейроинфламмации; однако эффекторы вниз по течению, ответственные за регулирование этой защиты, неизвестны. Здесь мы идентифицируем удельный коэффициент транскрипции IFN, основной коэффициент транскрипции лейцина АТФ-подобный АТФ2, который играет ключевую роль в модулировании последствий ITFN, сигнализирующих в астроцитах. Последовательность иммунопреобразования Хроматина показала, что НИМФ2 связывает и предотвращает перевыражение регулятивных факторов IFN (IRF)1 и IRF1, таких как caspase-1. Мы также показываем, что мыши

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… protection from demyelination and clinical decline in progressive stages of immune-mediated neuroinflammation. 6 - 8 Further, we and others have recently shown additional protective roles for astrocytic IFNγ signaling, specifically in the spinal cord in an animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis … Supplementary Material Highlights Astrocytes upregulate BATF2 in response to IFNγ BATF2 binds to chromatin sites upstream of IRF1 to regulate its expression in astrocytes BATF2-deficient mice exhibit exacerbated clinical experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis The core of chronic active multiple …

Intranasal sensitization model of alopecia areata using pertussis toxin as adjuvant.

BACKGROUND: Nasopharyngeal Bordetella pertussis (BP) colonization is common, with about 5% of individuals having PCR evidence of subclinical … istration of PTx and myelin oligodendrocyte peptide (MOG35-55) could induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. While we observed systemic cell-mediated immunity against MOG35-55, we did not observe EAE. Unexpectedly, many mice developed alopecia. We systematically investigated this finding. RESULTS: Patchy alopecia developed in 36.4% of mice …

Protein Kinase C subtype δ interacts with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus capsid protein and regulates viral RNA binding through modulation of capsid phosphorylation.

Protein phosphorylation plays an important role during the life cycle of many viruses. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) capsid protein has recently been shown to be phosphorylated at four residues. Here those studies are extended to determine the kinase responsible for phosphorylation and the importance of capsid phosphorylation during the viral life cycle. Phosphorylation site prediction software suggests that Protein Kinase C (PKC) is responsible for phosphorylation of VEEV capsid. VEEV capsid co-immunoprecipitated with PKCδ, but not other PKC isoforms and siRNA knockdown of PKCδ

Anti-MOG antibodies plead against MS diagnosis in an Acquired Demyelinating Syndromes cohort.

BACKGROUND: Acquired demyelinating syndromes (ADS) in children are a group of distinct first immune-mediated demyelinating events of the central nervous system (CNS). Predictive biomarkers for future diagnosis are lacking. A putative target antigen is myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). We analyzed the presence of MOG antibodies in a cohort of ADS patients in The Netherlands. METHODS: Using a cell-based assay, we analyzed 117 children with ADS from a nationwide cohort, whom were divided into five groups: optic neuritis (ON; n = 20), transverse myelitis (TM; n = 7), other monofocal ADS

Interpretation of positive molecular tests of common viruses in the cerebrospinal fluid.

Many central nervous system infections are historically difficult to diagnose. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has revolutionized the diagnosis of these infections because of their high sensitivity despite the lack of data on clinical usefulness. We conducted a retrospective study that included patients with positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) PCR for herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, JC virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) between January 2009 and December 2011. The positive results were grouped into definite, likely, and possible true positives and likely fal

Stability of RNA virus attenuation approaches.

The greatest risk from live-attenuated vaccines is reversion to virulence. Particular concerns arise for RNA viruses, which exhibit high mutation frequencies. We examined the stability of 3 attenuation strategies for the alphavirus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV): a traditional, point mutation-dependent attenuation approach exemplified by TC-83; a rationally designed, targeted-mutation approach represented by V3526; and a chimeric vaccine, SIN/TC/ZPC. Our findings suggest that the chimeric strain combines the initial attenuation of TC-83 with the greater phenotypic stability of V3