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Integumentary System

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… Tuberculoid granulomas may be seen in tuberculosis, feline leprosy, atypical mycobacterial infection, and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infections. Sarcoidal granulomas may be seen in sterile sarcoidal granulomas and foreign-body reactions. …

Interleukin-32: a Pandora's box in human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), has been estimated to infect around 40.8 million people globally. This virus can persist and thrive in the presence of antiretroviral therapy, which is a major obstacle to HIV eradication. Therefore, understanding host immunological factors that underlie HIV persistence and pathogenesis can lead to the development of immunotherapeutic interventions. Interleukin-32 (IL-32) is an orphan cytokine with multiple isoforms and a complex signal transduction pathway that transmits through non-specific receptors.

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… Nod2 triggers an interleukin-32-dependent human dendritic cell program in leprosy . Nat Med . ( 2012 ) 18 : 555–63 . doi: 10.1038/nm.2650 , PMID: 22447076 PMC3348859 46 Silveira MB Gomes RS Shio MT Rugani JN Paranaiba LF Soares RP . …

Molecular glue degrader for tumor treatment.

Targeted Protein Degradation (TPD) represented by Proteolysis-Targeting Chimeras (PROTAC) is the frontier field in the research and development of antitumor therapy, in which oral drug HP518 Receives FDA Proceed Authorization for its IND Application for Prostate Cancer Treatment. Recently, molecular glue, functioning via degradation of the target protein is emerging as a promising modality for the development of therapeutic agents, while exhibits greater advantages over PROTAC, including improved efficiency, resistance-free properties, and the capacity to selectively target "undruggable" prote

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… It was approved for the treatment of leprosy in 1998 and for multiple myeloma in 2006 ( 6 , 7 ), but its mechanism remains unclear. …

Adding recombinant AAVs to the cancer therapeutics mix.

Gene therapy is a powerful biological tool that is reshaping therapeutic landscapes for several diseases. Researchers are using both non-viral and viral-based gene therapy methods with success in the lab and the clinic. In the cancer biology field, gene therapies are expanding treatment options and the possibility of favorable outcomes for patients. While cellular immunotherapies and oncolytic virotherapies have paved the way in cancer treatments based on genetic engineering, recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV), a viral-based module, is also emerging as a potential cancer therapeutic thr

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… repurposing for cancer treatment has been explored for several reasons: cost effectiveness, FDA approval already given for the drug, and immediate availability for patients. 39 One well-known example is thalidomide, an immunomodulatory drug whose original purpose was to treat skin pathologies like leprosy …

Revisiting potential value of antitumor drugs in the treatment of COVID-19.

Since an outbreak started in China in 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly become a worldwide epidemic with high contagiousness and caused mass mortalities of infected cases around the world. Currently, available treatments for COVID-19, including supportive care, respiratory support and antiviral therapy, have shown limited efficacy. Thus, more effective therapeutic modalities are highly warranted. Drug repurposing, as an efficient strategy to explore a potential broader scope of the application of approved drugs beyond their original indications, accelerates the process of d

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… However, it was later found to be effective in patients with erythema nodosum leprosy and multiple myeloma, and was approved by FDA in 1998 and 2006, respectively [ 7 – 9 ]. …

Poster Presentation

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… Significant burdens of NP for spinal cord injury (SCI) and leprosy-affected patients (LAP) were previously highlighted in studies in Nepal: 51% (69/136) LAP had NP with moderate-severe impact on sleep (64%), mood (81%) and daily function (87%). …

Marine Natural Products, Multitarget Therapy and Repurposed Agents in Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial disease characterized by the presence of amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and nerve cell death that affects, mainly, older people. After decades of investigation, the search for an efficacious treatment for AD remains and several strategies can be and are being employed in this journey. In this review, four of the most promising strategies, alongside with its most promising agents under investigation or development are highlighted. Marine natural products (MNP) are a source of unique chemical structures with useful biological activities for

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… Rifampicin is used in tuberculosis, leprosy, Legionnaires’ disease, and Mycobacterium avium complex. It is a neuroprotective antibiotic capable of crossing the BBB and possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties that modulate neuroinflammation and Aβ metabolism [ 132 ]. …

Treating Protein Misfolding Diseases: Therapeutic Successes Against Systemic Amyloidoses.

Misfolding and extracellular deposition of proteins is the hallmark of a heterogeneous group of conditions collectively termed protein misfolding and deposition diseases or amyloidoses. These include both localized (e.g. Alzheimer's disease, prion diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus) and systemic amyloidoses. Historically regarded as a group of maladies with limited, even inexistent, therapeutic options, some forms of systemic amyloidoses have recently witnessed a series of unparalleled therapeutic successes, positively impacting on their natural history and sometimes even on their incidence. I

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… Class of underlying disorder | Chronic infections | Tuberculosis | Leprosy | Osteomyelitis | Whipple disease | Chronic infections as a consequence of: | Cystic fibrosis | Bronchiectasis | Paraplegia | Injection-drug abuse | Epidermolysis bullosa | Immunodeficiencies | Others Rheumatologic …

A review on in silico virtual screening methods in COVID-19 using anticancer drugs and other natural/chemical inhibitors.

The present coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic scenario has posed a difficulty for cancer treatment. Even under ideal conditions, malignancies like small cell lung cancer (SCLC) are challenging to treat because of their fast development and early metastases. The treatment of these patients must not be jeopardized, and they must be protected as much as possible from the continuous spread of the COVID-19 infection. Initially identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, the contagious coronavirus illness 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (S

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… Moreover, some anti-HIV medications, such as sildenafil (used to treat leprosy, erectile dysfunction, and pulmonary hypertension) and thalidomide (used to treat multiple myeloma), have been successfully repurposed for use against 3CLpro. …

Current Advancement of Immunomodulatory Drugs as Potential Pharmacotherapies for Autoimmunity Based Neurological Diseases.

Dramatic advancement has been made in recent decades to understand the basis of autoimmunity-mediated neurological diseases. These diseases create a strong influence on the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), leading to various clinical manifestations and numerous symptoms. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most prevalent autoimmune neurological disease while NMO spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is less common. Furthermore, evidence supports the presence of autoimmune mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which is a neurodeg

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… In 1998, the US Food and Drug Administration first approved thalidomide as an immunomodulator for the treatment of leprosy. Pomalidomide was approved in 2013 for the treatment of refectory or relapsed myeloma while Lenalidomide was approved for the treatment of multiple myeloma in 2015 [ 43 ]. …

The burden of disease in Spain: results from the global burden of disease study 2010.

BackgroundWe herein evaluate the Spanish population's trends in health burden by comparing results of two Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Studies (the GBD studies) performed 20 years apart.MethodsData is part of the GBD study for 1990 and 2010. We present results for mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for the Spanish population. Uncertainty intervals for all measures have been estimated.ResultsNon-communicable diseases accounted for 3,703,400 (95% CI 3,648,270-3,766,720) (91.3%) of 4,057,400 total

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… 77.8) | −2% Acute hepatitis A | 8.3 (3.9–14.7) | 7.5 (3.7–13) | −9% | 17 (11.2–24.8) | 11 (6.5–17.6) | −35% Acute hepatitis B | 2.8 (0.2–9.2) | 3.4 (0.2–10.6) | 21% | 42.8 (26.3–55.3) | 24 (12.6–43.4) | −44% Acute hepatitis C | 1 (0.2–2.1) | 2 (0.4–4.1) | 87% | 7.6 (2.8–15.8) | 31 (10.5–53.4) | 308% Leprosy …

C-Reactive Protein: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, False Test Results and a Novel Diagnostic Algorithm for Clinicians.

The current literature provides a body of evidence on C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and its potential role in inflammation. However, most pieces of evidence are sparse and controversial. This critical state-of-the-art monography provides all the crucial data on the potential biochemical properties of the protein, along with further evidence on its potential pathobiology, both for its pentameric and monomeric forms, including information for its ligands as well as the possible function of autoantibodies against the protein. Furthermore, the current evidence on its potential utility as a biomarker of

Dual COX-2/TNF-α Inhibitors as Promising Anti-inflammatory and Cancer Chemopreventive Agents: A Review.

Cyclooxygenases (COX) play a pivotal role in inflammation and are responsible for the production of prostaglandins (PGs). Two types of COXs have been identified as key biological targets for drug design: Constitutive COX-1 and inducible COX-2. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) target COX-1, while selective COX-2 inhibitors are designed for COX-2. These COX isoforms are involved in multiple physiological and pathological pathways throughout the body. Overproduction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) plays a role in COX-2's inflammatory activity. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha can c

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… It has been repurposed to treat certain conditions, including leprosy and multiple myeloma, a type of cancer affecting plasma cells in the bone marrow. …

Field-Deployable Treatments For Leishmaniasis: Intrinsic Challenges, Recent Developments and Next Steps.

Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease endemic primarily to low- and middle-income countries, for which there has been inadequate development of affordable, safe, and efficacious therapies. Clinical manifestations of leishmaniasis range from self-healing skin lesions to lethal visceral infection with chances of relapse. Although treatments are available, secondary effects limit their use outside the clinic and negatively impact the quality of life of patients in endemic areas. Other non-medicinal treatments, such as thermotherapies, are limited to use in patients with cutaneous leishman

Oral Presentation

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… Results: 2013-2016: Early Service: Community service and two inpatient beds established with clinical research into chronic leprosy pain management and PC education program for health care workers. 2016-2018: Model Development: Needs assessments identified PC needs for non-cancer non-communicable diseases …

Antibiotics: Conventional Therapy and Natural Compounds with Antibacterial Activity-A Pharmaco-Toxicological Screening.

Antibiotics are considered as a cornerstone of modern medicine and their discovery offers the resolution to the infectious diseases problem. However, the excessive use of antibiotics worldwide has generated a critical public health issue and the bacterial resistance correlated with antibiotics inefficiency is still unsolved. Finding novel therapeutic approaches to overcome bacterial resistance is imperative, and natural compounds with antibacterial effects could be considered a promising option. The role played by antibiotics in tumorigenesis and their interrelation with the microbiota are sti

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… For thousands of years, people were helpless in the face of the huge waves of epidemics, such as cholera, smallpox, plague, typhoid fever, malaria, tuberculosis, leprosy and syphilis, since nothing was known about infections, their prevention, antibiotics or vaccines. …

Beyond Vaccines: Clinical Status of Prospective COVID-19 Therapeutics.

Since November 2019 the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has caused nearly 200 million infection and more than 4 million deaths globally (Updated information from the World Health Organization, as on 2nd Aug 2021). Within only one year into the pandemic, several vaccines were designed and reached approval for the immunization of the world population. The remarkable protective effects of the manufactured vaccines are demonstrated in countries with high vaccination rates, such as Israel and UK. However, limited production capacities, poor distribution infrastructures and political hesitations still hamper th

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… Clofazimine Clofazimine is an orally available and FDA (Food and Drug Administration)-approved anti-leprosy drug and has been shown to reduce SARS-CoV-2 infection by inhibiting spike-dependent cell fusion and the activity of the viral helicase in many in vitro , ex vivo and in vivo systems ( 28 ). …

Primed for global coronavirus pandemic: Emerging research and clinical outcome.

The global effort to combat and contain the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the recently discovered severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now proceeding on a war footing. The world was slow to react to the developing crisis, but once the contours of the impending calamity became evident, the different state and non-state actors have raced to put their act together. The COVID-19 pandemic has blatantly exposed the shortcomings of our healthcare system and the limitations of medical science, despite considerable advances in recent years. To effectively tack

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… Miscellaneous Heat-killed mycobacterium based vaccine against leprosy activates the toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway, modulates immune response, and explicitly enhances host-T cell functions [ 110 ]. …

Recent Insights in Multi-Target Drugs in Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry.

Many of the drugs used in treatment today have been designed based on the "specificity paradigm". Resistance has developed against drugs designed using this approach, leading to a decrease in their effectiveness. In addition, it is well-documented in the literature that diseases with complex etiologies, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and cancer are influenced by multiple genetic and/or environmental factors. As a result, specificity paradigm is often insufficient for treating these diseases. Therefore, there is a need to develop drugs that interact with multiple targets simultaneously throu

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… ] In 1964, evidence emerged suggesting that thalidomide was effective in treating erythema nodosum leprosum, which was attributed to its inhibition of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α). [ 38 ] Consequently, Celgene repurposing thalidomide in 1998 for the treatment of leprosy‐related …

Radiotherapy and "new" drugs-new side effects?

Background and purposeTargeted drugs have augmented the cancer treatment armamentarium. Based on the molecular specificity, it was initially believed that these drugs had significantly less side effects. However, currently it is accepted that all of these agents have their specific side effects. Based on the given multimodal approach, special emphasis has to be placed on putative interactions of conventional cytostatic drugs, targeted agents and other modalities. The interaction of targeted drugs with radiation harbours special risks, since the awareness for interactions and even synergistic t

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… Thalidomide is clinically used in the treatment of multiple myeloma; other areas of possible clinical use and ongoing clinical trials include leprosy, erythema nodosum leprosum and myelodysplastic syndrome. Table 4 Studies on thalidomide and derivatives. …