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Diagnostics, Risk Factors, Treatment and Outcomes of Acute Kidney Injury in a New Paradigm.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common clinical condition among patients admitted in the hospitals. The condition is associated with both increased short-term and long-term mortality. With the development of a standardized definition for AKI and the acknowledgment of the impact of AKI on patient outcomes, there has been increased recognition of AKI. Two advances from past decades, the usage of computer decision support and the discovery of AKI biomarkers, have the ability to advance the diagnostic method to and further management of AKI. The increasingly widespread use of electronic health reco

European Guidelines for Obesity Management in Adults.

Obesity is a chronic metabolic disease characterised by an increase of body fat stores. It is a gateway to ill health, and it has become one of the leading causes of disability and death, affecting not only adults but also children and adolescents worldwide. In clinical practice, the body fatness is estimated by BMI, and the accumulation of intra-abdominal fat (marker for higher metabolic and cardiovascular disease risk) can be assessed by waist circumference. Complex interactions between biological, behavioural, social and environmental factors are involved in regulation of energy balance and

Combating Methotrexate Resistance in Cancer Treatment: A Review on Navigating Pathways and Enhancing Its Efficacy With Fat-Soluble Vitamins.

Methotrexate (MTX), a potent analogue and antagonist of folic acid, is a first-line treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, IBD and cancer. The development of MTX resistance contributes to the reduced efficacy and development of adverse reactions, forcing clinicians to withdraw treatment early. This drawback requires combinational approaches to combat the resistance and enhance the efficacy and safety of MTX. To provide a brief overview of MTX resistance and strategies to mitigate its aftereffects in cancer therapy, a literature-based search was conducted using keywords such as cancer pathology, M

63rd Annual Conference of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology, ISGCON 2022-January 5th - 8th, 2023 in Jaipur.

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Immune Checkpoint Molecules: A Review on Pathways and Immunotherapy Implications.

BackgroundToday, treating cancer patients with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), by targeting immune checkpoints, is one of the most outstanding immunotherapeutic methods. Immune checkpoints are special molecules having regulatory role in immune system responses. Once these molecules are presented on cancer cells, these cells will be capable of evading the immune system through their own specific pathways. This Evasion can be prevented by counterbalancing immune system responses with immune checkpoints related antibodies.AimsThe current study aimed to highlight immunotherapy and its methods, descr

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… In CRC, diet and micronutrients including vitamin D and marine omega‐3 fatty acids affect immune infiltration [ 208 ]. Environmental exposures including PM2.5 and aromatic amines change immune checkpoint expression patterns and lower treatment efficacy [ 205 , 206 ]. …

Antiobesity Medications for Older Adults-the New, the Good, the Bad, and the Unknown.

OBJECTIVE: Obesity affects 42% of older adults, with rates continuing to rise. This a complex condition influenced by non-modifiable as well as modifiable risk factors. The disease can be treated through modifications to diet, physical activity, and behavior and more recently through antiobesity medications (AOMs) and surgery. Treatment must be tailored to individual needs due to age-related metabolic and physiological changes. This review aimed to identify the suitability of seven FDA-approved AOMs in the treatment of obesity in older adults. METHODS: A review of AOMs was performed, focusing

Frailty in Aging and the Search for the Optimal Biomarker: A Review.

In the context of accelerated aging of the population worldwide, frailty has emerged as one of the main risk factors that can lead to loss of self-sufficiency in older people. This syndrome is defined as a reduced state of physiological reserve and functional capacity. The main diagnostic tools for frailty are based on scales that show deficits compared to their clinical application, such as the Fried frailty phenotype, among others. In this context, it is important to have one or more biomarkers with clinical applicability that can objectively and precisely determine the degree or risk of fra

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… Associations of fat-soluble micronutrients and redox biomarkers with frailty status in the FRAILOMIC initiative J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2019 10 1339 1346 10.1002/jcsm.12479 31436047 PMC6903435 30. Buta B.J. Walston J.D. Godino J.G. Park M. Kalyani R.R. Xue Q.L. Bandeen-Roche K. Varadhan R. …

Resveratrol and Cardiovascular Diseases.

The increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has stimulated research for substances that could improve cardiovascular health. Among them, resveratrol (RES), a polyphenolic compound notably present in grapes and red wine, has been involved in the "French paradox". RES is known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and for its ability to upregulate endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). RES was able to scavenge (•)OH/O₂(•-) and peroxyl radicals, which can limit the lipid peroxidation processes. Moreover, in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) under glucose-induced oxidati

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… Other polyphenols or micronutrients of the Mediterranean diet could also present a synergistic effect of RES, thereby contributing to this paradox [ 4 ]. …

Angioprevention of Urologic Cancers by Plant-Derived Foods.

The number of cancer cases worldwide keeps growing unstoppably, despite the undeniable advances achieved by basic research and clinical practice. Urologic tumors, including some as prevalent as prostate, bladder or kidney tumors, are no exceptions to this rule. Moreover, the fact that many of these tumors are detected in early stages lengthens the duration of their treatment, with a significant increase in health care costs. In this scenario, prevention offers the most cost-effective long-term strategy for the global control of these diseases. Although specialized diets are not the only way to

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… Rich in micronutrients as vitamin C, potassium and folic acid, ripe tomato fruits also contain a high variety of carotenoids and polyphenols in different concentrations, most of them considered as chemopreventive compounds [ 213 ]. …

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Bariatric Surgery on Future Cancer Risk.

The study aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence for the prevention of future cancers following bariatric surgery. A systematic literature search of the Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed databases (2007-2023), Google Scholar and grey literature was conducted. A meta-analysis was performed using the inverse variance method and random effects model. Thirty-two studies involving patients with obesity who received bariatric surgery and control patients who were managed with conventional treatment were included. The meta-analysis suggested b

Trying to Solve the Puzzle of the Interaction of Ascorbic Acid and Iron: Redox, Chelation and Therapeutic Implications.

Iron and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) are essential nutrients for the normal growth and development of humans, and their deficiency can result in serious diseases. Their interaction is of nutritional, physiological, pharmacological and toxicological interest, with major implications in health and disease. Millions of people are using pharmaceutical and nutraceutical preparations of these two nutrients, including ferrous ascorbate for the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia and ascorbate combination with deferoxamine for increasing iron excretion in iron overload. The main function and use of vit

Molecular and cellular mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy: an update.

Skeletal muscle atrophy is defined as a decrease in muscle mass and it occurs when protein degradation exceeds protein synthesis. Potential triggers of muscle wasting are long-term immobilization, malnutrition, severe burns, aging as well as various serious and often chronic diseases, such as chronic heart failure, obstructive lung disease, renal failure, AIDS, sepsis, immune disorders, cancer, and dystrophies. Interestingly, a cooperation between several pathophysiological factors, including inappropriately adapted anabolic (e.g., growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1) and catabolic pr

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… Deficiencies in micronutrients, vitamins, amino acids, and electrolyte abnormalities need correction. For instance, previous observations in yeast suggested that branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), leucine, isoleucine, and valine, might be potential candidates in promoting survival [ 199 ]. …

A Standardized Method for Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy Bariatric Surgery Investigations in Cancer.

Obesity is a global epidemic that has affected the lives of over 14% of adults worldwide and over a third of Americans. Obesity is associated with the increased risk of thirteen obesity-associated cancers and poor cancer outcomes. Bariatric surgery is the most effective method of sustained weight loss and has been steadily increasing in clinical use over the past 4 decades. Importantly, bariatric surgery is established to decrease cancer risk. Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) is currently the most common bariatric surgery procedure. To evaluate underlying mechanisms of bariatric associated ca

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… A main concern in dietary and DIO study design is to always use defined controls to ensure matching on micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), fiber, compounds such as phytoestrogens, and keep status on irradiation or not consistent (the latter often depends on the rules of the animal facility) ( Engber …

Oxidative Stress Linking Obesity and Cancer: Is Obesity a 'Radical Trigger' to Cancer?

Obesity is on the rise worldwide, and consequently, obesity-related non-communicable diseases are as well. Nutritional overload induces metabolic adaptations in an attempt to restore the disturbed balance, and the byproducts of the mechanisms at hand include an increased generation of reactive species. Obesity-related oxidative stress causes damage to vulnerable systems and ultimately contributes to neoplastic transformation. Dysfunctional obese adipose tissue releases cytokines and induces changes in the cell microenvironment, promoting cell survival and progression of the transformed cancer

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… Are some micronutrients of particular importance for cancer development, and if so, is the cancer development in obesity the result of excess adipose tissue or nutritive deficiency? …

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) supplements in cancer outpatients: analyses of usage and of interaction risks with cancer treatment.

PurposeThe aim of our study was to analyze the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) supplements, identify possible predictors, and analyze and compile potential interactions of CAM supplements with conventional cancer therapy.MethodsWe included outpatient cancer patients treated at a German university hospital in March or April 2020. Information was obtained from questionnaires and patient records. CAM-drug interactions were identified based on literature research for each active ingredient of the supplements consumed by the patients.Results37.4% of a total of 115 patients consu

Osteoporosis in Childhood Cancer Survivors: Physiopathology, Prevention, Therapy and Future Perspectives.

The improvement of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical interventions, together with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, increased childhood cancer survival rate in the last decades, reaching 80% in Europe. Nevertheless, anti-cancer treatments are mainly responsible for the onset of long-term side effects in childhood cancer survivors (CCS), including alterations of the endocrine system function and activity. In particular, the most frequent dysfunction in CCS is a metabolic bone disorder characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD) with increased skeletal fragility. BMD loss is al

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… The common alterations in both CCS and cancer patients during therapy are in the metabolism of calcium, vitamin D, and magnesium [ 39 ], key micronutrients for bone growth [ 46 ]. …

Established and Emerging Concepts to Treat Imbalances of Iron Homeostasis in Inflammatory Diseases.

Inflammation, being a hallmark of many chronic diseases, including cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and chronic kidney disease, negatively affects iron homeostasis, leading to iron retention in macrophages of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Functional iron deficiency is the consequence, leading to anemia of inflammation (AI). Iron deficiency, regardless of anemia, has a detrimental impact on quality of life so that treatment is warranted. Therapeutic strategies include (1) resolution of the underlying disease, (2) iron supplementation, and (3) iron redistribution str

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… Effect of provision of daily zinc and iron with several micronutrients on growth and morbidity among young children in Pakistan: A cluster-randomised trial. Lancet. 2013;382:29–40. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60437-7. 195. Kortman G.A.M., Reijnders D., Swinkels D.W. …

Adjunctive Treatments for the Prevention of Chemotherapy- and Radiotherapy-Induced Mucositis.

BACKGROUND: Chemoradiotherapy-associated mucositis can manifest as pain, inflammation, dysphagia, diarrhea, weight loss, rectal bleeding, and infection. Mucositis is a major dose-limiting side effect of chemotherapy, affecting nutritional intake and oral and intestinal function. Despite several interventions being available, there is a need for safe and effective preventative and treatment options for treatment-induced mucositis. The goals of this review are to discuss interventions based on foods and natural products and present the research to date. METHODS: A narrative literature review id

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… Electronic databases were searched using the following search string: Probiotics OR Diet OR Food OR Nutrition OR Micronutrients OR Vitamins OR Minerals OR Dietary supplements OR Functional foods OR Honey AND Chemotherapy AND Mucositis AND Chemotherapy AND Diarrhea AND Radiotherapy AND Mucositis AND …

Obesity: pathophysiology and therapeutic interventions.

Over the past few decades, obesity has transitioned from a localized health concern to a pressing global public health crisis affecting over 650 million adults globally, as documented by WHO epidemiological surveys. As a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by pathological adipose tissue expansion, chronic inflammation, and neuroendocrine dysregulation that disrupts systemic homeostasis and impairs physiological functions, obesity is rarely an isolated condition; rather, it is frequently complicated by severe comorbidities that collectively elevate mortality risks. Despite advances in nutr

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… Furthermore, marine FO offers micronutrients like potassium, iodine, and selenium as well as vitamins A and D [ 448 ]. …

Antioxidant Food Supplementation in Cancer: Lessons from Clinical Trials and Insights from Preclinical Studies.

Food antioxidant supplementation has been widely proposed for cancer prevention and adjuvant therapy due to the pleiotropic role of antioxidants. Herein, particular attention is given to recent clinical trials based on the use of dietary supplements in cancer patients, both as monotherapy and in combination with standard treatments, exploring both their potential benefits and risks. This review focuses on the efficacy of the most important food antioxidants, highlighting how their action may change depending on different factors such as cancer type, dose, timing of administration and antioxida