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Virtual Reality-Based Cognitive Training to Prevent Cognitive Decline in Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.

AIM: To synthesize randomized controlled trial evidence on the effects, feasibility, and safety of virtual reality (VR)-based cognitive training in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or related predementia conditions. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 and prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD420261290617). Electronic searches were performed in MEDLINE (via PubMed), Scopus, ScienceDirect, and MDPI Journals, with additional verification searches in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). Eligible studies were rando

Exercise, Sleep, and Cognitive Performance in Older Adults: A Structured Review of Mechanisms and Clinical Implications.

Background: Age-related cognitive decline is a major public health challenge, and modifiable lifestyle factors such as physical exercise and sleep have emerged as promising targets for preserving cognitive health. Our review aimed to synthesize evidence on the relationships between physical exercise, sleep, and cognitive performance in adults aged ≥60 years, with particular emphasis on the potential mediating or moderating role of sleep. Methods: Electronic searches were conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar to identify studies pu

Nonlinear dose-response of mind-body exercise in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to quantify domain-specific dose-response relationships between mind-body exercise and cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and to derive actionable dosing recommendation. METHODS: Eight major electronic databases were systematically searched up to September 15, 2025. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of mind-body exercise intervention in individuals aged ≥60 years with MCI that reported at least one cognitive domain outcome were included. Hedges'g effect sizes were calculated using random-effects models, and dose-response rela

Predicting working memory efficiency across adulthood: the role of enhancement and suppression attentional mechanisms, moderated by age and other factors.

The global population of individuals aged 60 years and older now exceeds one billion and continues to grow, underscoring the necessity of addressing cognitive challenges associated with aging. The present study aimed to evaluate the enhancement and suppression of attentional mechanisms, as well as working memory efficiency (WME), across the adult lifespan. Additionally, it examined factors that may moderate these relationships. A total of 194 participants, aged between 20 and 80 years, completed questionnaires and participated in an experimental task designed to assess attentional mechanisms a

Reply to Meule, A. Comment on "Calugi et al. The Role of Weight Suppression in Intensive Enhanced Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa: A Longitudinal Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 3221".

We read the comments by Meule on our article with great interest, and we thank the author for his thoughtful suggestions [...].

Development of novel N-(6-methanesulfonyl-benzothiazol-2-yl)-3-(4-substituted-piperazin-1-yl)-propionamides with cholinesterase inhibition, anti-β-amyloid aggregation, neuroprotection and cognition enhancing properties for the therapy of Alzheimer's disease.

A novel series of benzothiazole-piperazine hybrids were rationally designed, synthesized, and evaluated as multifunctional ligands against Alzheimer's disease (AD). The synthesized hybrid molecules illustrated modest to strong inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Aβ1-42 aggregation. Compound 12 emerged as the most potent hybrid molecule exhibiting balanced functions with effective, uncompetitive and selective inhibition against AChE (IC50 = 2.31 μM), good copper chelation, Aβ1-42 aggregation inhibition (53.30%) and disaggregation activities. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and TEM

A meta-analysis of the effect of non-invasive neuromodulation techniques on improving cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

OBJECTIVE: This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy of non-invasive neuromodulation techniques in improving global cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Non-invasive brain stimulation includes repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and to compare the efficacy of the three. METHODS: Searches were conducted in five databases: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane and Scopus. We searched these databases for

Combined transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) and cognitive training (CT) for cognitive impairment: Evidence from clinical applications and basic research.

Cognitive impairment is a serious pathological feature of neuropsychiatric disorders, making the exploration of effective treatments urgent. Recent research shows that combined transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) and cognitive training (CT) can reduce cognitive deficits. This review summarizes studies on neurological disorders that use both clinical patients and rodent models to highlight the underlying neural mechanisms. In patients, this combined approach improves cognitive domains such as attention, working memory, and executive function. Improvements have been observed in patients wi

Effects of single-session anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on cognitive and motor performance in athletes and healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

This meta-analysis evaluated the effects of single-session anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) on cognitive and motor performance in athletes and healthy adults. Following PRISMA guidelines, 33 randomized controlled trials published between 2015 and 2025 were synthesized. Single-session a-tDCS was associated with significant improvements in overall motor performance, though substantial heterogeneity was observed (I2 = 62.10%). Strength performance demonstrated the most robust gains (ES = 0.93), followed by explosive power (ES = 0.61) and endurance (ES = 0.41). Conversely, t

Functional nutrition: a non-pharmacological approach to supporting cognitive Health.

This study presents evidence that functional nutrition serves as a nonpharmacological method for supporting cognitive health. Specific nutrients and dietary patterns known for their supportive effects on cognitive ability and neuroprotection, such as omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants (vitamins C and E), polyphenols, magnesium, B vitamins, and flavonoid-rich foods, are proposed. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of a functional nutrition protocol enriched with omega-3 fatty acids, magnesium, B vitamins, antioxidants, and polyphenols as a non-pharmacological strategy for maintaining cognit

Caffeine consumption and schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cognitive, symptomatic and functional outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Caffeine's impact on schizophrenia, a disorder marked by cognitive and functional deficits, is unclear. We evaluated the impact of caffeine on cognition, symptoms, and functioning in patients with schizophrenia. METHOD: A PRISMA-guided systematic review searched six databases up to 30 December 2024. English-language studies of adults with schizophrenia comparing different caffeine intake levels and reporting outcomes on cognition, symptoms, or functioning were included. Data were synthesized via a random-effects model with Hedges' g for effect size and I2 statistics for heterogene

Эффективность транскраниальной непосредственной стимуляции тока на двигательных и когнитивных функциях у пациентов с множественным склерозом: систематический обзор и метаанализ.

Множественный склероз (MS) представляет собой хроническое неврологическое расстройство, затрагивающее 2.8 million :: люди во всем мире, характеризующиеся дисфункцией двигателя и когнитивными нарушениями, которые по-прежнему плохо решаются только с помощью фармакологических средств. Транскраниальное прямое стимулирование течения (tDCS) стало многообещающей неинвазивной нейромодуляцией для лечения симптомов у пациентов с синдромом MS. ЦЕЛИ: Этот систематический обзор и метаанализ были направлены на оценку эффективности ТДСЦ в деле совершенствования двигательных и когнитивных функций у пациентов

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… The test of cognitive enhancements was significant and positively correlated with improvements in mental health indicators, including psychological distress and sleep quality. … Comprehensive cognitive enhancement Some studies have demonstrated broad cognitive improvements across multiple domains. …

The role of cognitive elements plays in physical activity interventions among individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review of brain evidence.

Physical activity (PA) with cognitive elements has received significant attention in recent years because it has been shown to have a large effect on increasing executive function in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the mechanisms underpinning these effects are poorly understood. Therefore, this study systematically reviewed and summarized the brain outcomes of individuals with ADHD who completed either traditional intervention—PA alone, cognitive training (CT)-alone—or their combination in two forms—dual task of CT and PA (CT-PA) and cognitive-engaged

Neurophysiological and behavioral effects of oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation (otDCS).

Oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation (otDCS) is a form of non-invasive electrical stimulation that has shown promise in modulating human cognition and behavior. This method merges constant polarization with an oscillation, resulting in a combination of features that characterize transcranial direct and alternating current stimulation (tDCS, tACS). While tDCS and tACS have been extensively characterized during the last two decades, otDCS remains comparatively underexplored. However, recent studies emphasize its potential efficacy in modulating, e.g., sleep-related slow oscillatio

The effects of visual art therapy in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the effectiveness of visual art therapy (VAT) in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS: A systematic search of multiple bibliographic databases and gray literature sources was conducted from inception to January 25, 2026, and RCTs comparing VAT with control conditions were included. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. Continuous outcomes were pooled using a random-effects model and summarized as SMDs or MDs. Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran's Q test and the I 2 statistic. Me

Lifestyle intervention and cognitive outcomes in Down syndrome: a horizon 21 European Down syndrome consortium scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Life expectancy for individuals with Down syndrome (DS) has significantly increased, primarily due to medical advances. While DS is considered a genetically determined form of Alzheimer’s disease (DS-AD), with neuropathological markers evident by age 40, the onset of clinical dementia varies. Modifiable risk factors are thought to contribute meaningfully to dementia risk in the general population. Advances in intervention studies in the general population suggest cognitive decline can be reduced through multimodal lifestyle interventions, however no large-scale multimodal studies h

Correlation Between Serum TGF-β1 Levels, Intracranial Atherosclerotic Plaque Parameters and Post-Stroke Cognitive Impairment.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the relationships between serum transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), plaque features on high-resolution magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging (HR-VWI) and post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) in symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (sICAS), test the diagnostic value of single and combined biomarkers, and elucidate their internal interaction mechanism. METHODS: A prospective cohort recruited 182 consecutive hospitalized sICAS patients from October 2023 to October 2024. Baseline clinical, laboratory and vascular wall imaging data we

The interventional effect of acupuncture on overall cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis.

BackgroundAlzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) cause progressive cognitive decline, with Western medicine only alleviating symptoms at present. Acupuncture shows potential for these disorders, but existing studies have inconsistent results.ObjectiveTo examine the effect of acupuncture on overall cognitive function in patients with AD and MCI via meta-analysis.MethodLiterature from six databases on acupuncture, AD, and MCI was searched. Meta-analyses and moderator analyses were performed using Comprehensive Meta Analysis V3.0.Results52 randomized controlled trials (RCTs)

Efficacy of different exercise interventions on cognitive function in adults with major depressive disorder and subthreshold depression: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses.

BACKGROUND: While exercise is widely recognized as an intervention to assist in the treatment of depression, its effects on cognitive function in adults with major depressive disorder or subthreshold depression remain inconsistent. METHODS: A comprehensive search was conducted across 11 databases from database inception to April 2025. Randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies investigating exercise interventions for cognitive enhancement in adults with major depressive disorder or subthreshold depression were included. Pairwise and network meta-analyses were performed to com…

Effectiveness of Cognitive Interventions for Community-Dwelling Older Adults Living Alone: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive interventions in enhancing the cognitive function of community-dwelling older adults living alone. METHODS: Five databases were systematically searched for articles published until December 2024. The search identified three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and four non-RCTs, including case - control studies and quasi-experimental studies, with sample sizes ranging from 20 to 78. After risk of bias was assessed, data were synthesized using a random-effects model. RESULTS: Interventions such as robotic assistance, reminiscence therapy,