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Infection Control Following an Outbreak of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection.

We present our experience with controlling an outbreak of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria in catheter-associated … sulfate. ASC revealed only one positive case of antibiotic-resistant strain after incorporating new infection controls. Only a few environmental tests were positive for the bacteria after the new cleaning regimen, suggesting this cleaner might be effective for inhibiting outbreaks. Our control measures successfully prevented further outbreak and inhibited the recur …

Epstein-Barr virus infection of infants: implications of early age of infection on viral control and risk for Burkitt lymphoma.

Since its first description by Denis Burkitt, endemic Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), the most common childhood cancer in sub-Saharan Africa, has led scientists to search for clues to the origins of this malignancy. The discovery of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in BL cells over 50 years ago led to extensive sero-epidemiology studies and revealed that rather than being a virus restricted to areas where BL is endemic, EBV is ubiquitous in the world's population with an estimated greater than 90% of adults worldwide infected. A second pathogen, Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) malaria is also linked to

Horizontal infection control strategy decreases methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection and eliminates bacteremia in a surgical ICU without active surveillance.

OBJECTIVE: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection is a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients worldwide. Numerous healthcare bodies in Europe and the United States have championed active surveillance per the "search and destroy" model. However, this strategy is associated with significant economic, logistical, and patient costs without any impact on other hospital-acquired pathogens. We evaluated whether horizontal infection control strategies could decrease the prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus infection in the ICU, without the n…

Significant reduction of endemic MRSA acquisition and infection in cardiothoracic patients by means of an enhanced targeted infection control programme.

Due to increasing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in cardiothoracic patients at St Thomas' Hospital, an enhanced infection control programme was introduced in September 2000. It was based on UK national guidelines on the control of MRSA and targeted additional identified risk factors for surgical site infection (SSI). It included recognition of the problem by senior staff and their taking responsibility for it; intensive support, education and advice from the infection control team; improved ward and theatre hygiene; pre-admission, admission and weekly MRSA screeni…

Case-control study of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in Peruvian children hospitalized for diarrhea: possible association with malnutrition and nosocomial infection.

A retrospective, hospital-based case-control study was used to investigate whether there were any clinical characteristics that could distinguish Cryptosporidium parvum-infected children with diarrhea from other non-C. parvum-infected children with diarrhea. Ten percent (24 of 248) of children admitted to a rehydration ward at Cayetano Heredia University Hospital, Lima, Peru, were infected with C. parvum. The 24 patients infected with C. parvum (cases) were matched to an equal number of noninfected patients (controls). C. parvum-infected patients were more likely to be malnourished than were c

Prevention and Control Strategies for Parasitic Infections in the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Korea is successfully controlled intestinal parasitic infections owing to economic development and high health consciousness. The Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases (formerly the Division of Malaria and Parasitology) is in the Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases of the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. It has been the governmental agency responsible for controlling and leading scientific research on parasitic diseases. The Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases has conducted and funded basic research and disseminated the research results to various

[Effect of schistosomiasis control in towns reached criteria of infection controlled in Nanchang City].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of schistosomiasis control in towns that had reached the criteria of infection controlled in Nanchang City. METHODS: The residents and livestock of 14 towns that had reached the criteria of infection controlled in Nanchang, Xinjian and Jinxian counties of Nanchang City were sampled to investigate the schistosomiasis endemic situation, Oncomelania hupensis snail status, and data of schistosomiasis control work. RESULTS: The positive rate of serum tests of the residents was 2.58%, and no positive stool samples were found. No cattle or sheep were positive in st…

Neisseria lactamica Controlled Human Infection Model.

Neisseria lactamica is a nonpathogenic commensal of the human upper respiratory tract that has been associated with protection against N. meningitidis colonization and disease. We have previously utilized the N. lactamica controlled human infection model to investigate the protective effect of N. lactamica colonization on N. meningitidis colonization, the nature of cross-reactive immune responses mounted toward N. meningitidis following N. lactamica colonization, and the microevolution of N. lactamica over a 5-month colonization period. More recently, we have assessed the possibility of utiliz

Review of Successful Control of Parasitic Infections in Korea.

Korea had been one of hyperendemic countries of human parasitic infections until 1970s. In 1966, the Law for the Prevention of Parasitic Diseases was enacted, and the nationwide anti-parasitic control program began in 1969. The initiation of the national program was supported financially by Japan. The program included screening of whole students in Korea and treatment of all egg positive cases twice a year, and ended in 1995. In addition to student program, deworming campaign was run in the community, and 8 national status surveys were implemented from 1971 to 2012. Whole helminth egg positive

Control of viral infections by epigenetic-targeted therapy.

Epigenetics is defined as the science that studies the modifications of gene expression that are not owed to mutations or changes in the genetic sequence. Recently, strong evidences are pinpointing toward a solid interplay between such epigenetic alterations and the outcome of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. Guided by the previous possibly promising experimental trials of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epigenetic reprogramming, the latter is paving the road toward two major approaches to control viral gene expression or latency. Reactivating HCMV from the latent phase ("shock and k

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… Nevertheless, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in HCMV latency and reactivation could open future avenues for HCMV infection control. …

Repurposing drugs for the treatment and control of helminth infections.

Helminth infections are responsible for a considerable public health burden, yet the current drug armamentarium is small. Given the high cost of drug discovery and development, the high failure rates and the long duration to develop novel treatments, drug repurposing circumvents these obstacles by finding new uses for compounds other than those they were initially intended to treat. In the present review, we summarize in vivo and clinical trial findings testing clinical candidates and marketed drugs against schistosomes, food-borne trematodes, soil-transmitted helminths, Strongyloides stercora

[Control of HCV, HBV and HIV Infections in Hemodialysis].

Infections with blood-borne pathogens are still common among patients on maintenance dialysis all over the world. The control of infection due to blood-borne viruses (particularly HBV) within dialysis units has been a major goal in the management of patients with chronic kidney disease in the industrialized world. Standard precautions and specific procedures have been recommended to prevent infections with HBV, HCV and HIV within dialysis units. Isolation of HBsAg positive patients by dialysis rooms, staff and machines continues to be an important step to control HBV infection within dialysis

Killer anti-idiotypes in the control of fungal infections.

Killer anti-idiotypes (KTantild) bear the internal image of a Pichia anomala toxin (KT), characterized by microbicidal activity against prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogenic microorganisms presenting specific cell wall receptors (KTR). KTantiId produced by idiotypic vaccination with a KT-neutralizing monoclonal antibody confer active and passive immunoprotection in experimental models of systemic and vaginal candidiasis. KTantild-like human natural anti-KTR antibodies are produced in natural infections caused by KT-sensitive microorganisms. KTantiId in the monoclonal and recombinant forms show

Control strategies for human intestinal nematode infections.

In recent years significant progress has been made in understanding the ecology, epidemiology and related morbidity and development of new tools for the control of soil-transmitted helminths. Such knowledge has recognized the impact of helminth infections on the health of infected groups and has created a rational basis for their control. Schoolchildren harbour some of the most intense helminthic infections, which produce adverse effects on health, growth and scholastic performance. However, although great effort has been put into targeting school-age children, women of child-bearing age and p

Epidemiologic control of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STD), whether old or new, impose a heavy economic burden on the public health service. Behavioural changes that could reduce the incidence of STD in the general population take time to make their effects felt. Common and treatable diseases such as genital chlamydial infections can and should be tackled by the old familiar strategy for combatting STD, viz. case finding, diagnosis, contact tracing and treatment, parallel with counselling in sexual behaviour. The incidence of infection is largely dependent on the number of asymptomatic individuals with a chlamydial

Dexamethasone and infection in preterm babies: a controlled study.

To find out if the use of steroids affected the incidence of infection in babies who were nursed in the neonatal intensive care unit for nine weeks or more, 24 preterm babies who had received a three weeks course of dexamethasone (0.6 mg/kg/day, reducing to 0.3 mg/kg/day after a week, and 0.15 mg/kg/day after two weeks) were compared with 18 preterm babies who had not been so treated. No differences were found in the incidence or pattern of septicaemia or other bacteriologically proved infections between the groups. Of 57 episodes of septicaemia, 44 (77%) were caused by coagulase negative stap

Immunological mechanisms controlling measles virus infection.

Recent data of the literature are reviewed with reference to : 1) the antigenic determinants of measles virus ; 2) the immunological mechanisms controlling measles infection (neutralization of extracellular and cell membrane-bound virus, immune destruction of infected cells, interference with virus transmission from infected cells during cell division of syncytium formation); 3) particularities of humoral and cell-mediated immunity in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.