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Mosquito-borne viruses surge in a warming Europe.

Chikungunya cases break records in France; West Nile virus appears near Rome.

Cellular and Molecular Immunity to Influenza Viruses and Vaccines.

Immune responses to influenza (flu) antigens reflect memory of prior infections or vaccinations, which might influence immunity to new flu antigens. Memory of past antigens has been termed "original antigenic sin" or, more recently, "immune imprinting" and "seniority". We have researched a comparison between the immune response to live flu infections and inactivated flu vaccinations. A brief history of antibody generation theories is presented, culminating in new findings about the immune-network theory and suggesting that a network of clones exists between anti-idiotypic antibodies and T cell

The Potential of mRNA Vaccines to Fight Against Viruses.

Vaccines have always been a critical tool in preventing infectious diseases. However, the development of traditional vaccines often takes a long time and may struggle to address the challenge of rapidly mutating viruses. The emergence of mRNA technology has brought revolutionary changes to vaccine development, particularly in rapidly responding to the threat of emerging viruses. The global promotion of mRNA vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has demonstrated the importance of mRNA technology. Also, mRNA vaccines targeting viruses such as influenza, respiratory syn…

Viruses associated with measles-like illnesses in Uganda.

OBJECTIVES: In this study, we investigated the causes of measles-like illnesses (MLI) in the Uganda national surveillance program in order to inform diagnostic assay selection and vaccination strategies. METHODS: We used metagenomic next-generation sequencing (M-NGS) on the Illumina platform to identify viruses associated with MLI (defined as fever and rash in the presence of either cough, coryza or conjunctivitis) in patient samples that had tested IgM negative for measles between 2010 and 2019. RESULTS: Viral genomes were identified in 87/271 (32%) of samples, of which 44/271 (16%) contain…

Viruses Identified in Shrews (Soricidae) and Their Biomedical Significance.

Shrews (Soricidae) are common small wild mammals. Some species of shrews, such as Asian house shrews (Suncus murinus), have a significant overlap in their habitats with humans and domestic animals. Currently, over 190 species of viruses in 32 families, including Adenoviridae, Arenaviridae, Arteriviridae, Astroviridae, Anelloviridae, Bornaviridae, Caliciviridae, Chuviridae, Coronaviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, Hantaviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Hepeviridae, Nairoviridae, Nodaviridae, Orthoherpesviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Parvoviridae, Phenuiviridae, Picobirnaviridae, Picornavir…

Enhanced detection of viruses for improved water safety.

Human viruses pose a significant health risk in freshwater environments, but current monitoring methods are inadequate for detecting viral presence efficiently. We evaluated a novel passive in-situ concentration method using granular activated carbon (GAC). This study detected and quantified eight enteric and non-enteric, pathogenic viruses in a freshwater recreational lake in paired grab and GAC passive samples. The results found that GAC passive sampling had a higher detection rate for all viruses compared to grab samples, with adenovirus found to be the most prevalent virus, followed by res…

Sunlight Inactivation of Enveloped Viruses in Clear Water.

Enveloped virus fate in the environment is not well understood; there are no quantitative data on sunlight inactivation of enveloped viruses in water. Herein, we measured the sunlight inactivation of two enveloped viruses (Phi6 and murine hepatitis virus, MHV) and a nonenveloped virus (MS2) over time in clear water with simulated sunlight exposure. We attenuated UV sunlight wavelengths using long-pass 50% cutoff filters at 280, 305, and 320 nm. With the lowest UV attenuation tested, all decay rate constants (corrected for UV light screening, k̂) were significantly different from dark controls;…

Co-evolution of immunity and seasonal influenza viruses.

Seasonal influenza viruses cause recurring global epidemics by continually evolving to escape host immunity. The viral constraints and host immune responses that limit and drive the evolution of these viruses are increasingly well understood. However, it remains unclear how most of these advances improve the capacity to reduce the impact of seasonal influenza viruses on human health. In this Review, we synthesize recent progress made in understanding the interplay between the evolution of immunity induced by previous infections or vaccination and the evolution of seasonal influenza viruses dri…

An Adagio for Viruses, Played Out on Ancient DNA.

Studies of ancient DNA have transformed our understanding of human evolution. Paleogenomics can also reveal historic and prehistoric agents of disease, including endemic, epidemic, and pandemic pathogens. Viruses-and in particular those with single- or double-stranded DNA genomes-are an important part of the paleogenomic revolution, preserving within some remains or environmental samples for tens of thousands of years. The results of these studies capture the public imagination, as well as giving scientists a unique perspective on some of the more slowly evolving viruses which cause disease. I…

Advances in Alpha Herpes Viruses Vaccines for Human.

Alpha herpes simplex viruses are an important public health problem affecting all age groups. It can produce from common cold sores and chicken pox to severe conditions like encephalitis or newborn mortality. Although all three subtypes of alpha herpes viruses have a similar structure, the produced pathology differs, and at the same time, the available prevention measures, such as vaccination. While there is an available and efficient vaccine for the varicella-zoster virus, for herpes simplex virus 1 and 2, after multiple approaches from trivalent subunit vaccine to next-generation live-attenu…

Viruses and autism: A Bi-mutual cause and effect.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of heterogeneous, multi-factorial, neurodevelopmental disorders resulting from genetic and environmental factors interplay. Infection is a significant trigger of autism, especially during the critical developmental period. There is a strong interplay between the viral infection as a trigger and a result of ASD. We aim to highlight the mutual relationship between autism and viruses. We performed a thorough literature review and included 158 research in this review. Most of the literature agreed on the possible effects of the viral infection during the c…

Артропод-Борн Вирусы в Мавритании: Обзор литературы.

За последние четыре десятилетия в Мавритании поступали сообщения о периодических вспышках различных вирусов, передаваемых через артропод. Этот обзор направлен на консолидацию нынешних знаний об эпидемиологии основных арбовирусов, циркулирующих в Мавритании. Для получения результатов соответствующих опубликованных исследований использовались онлайновые базы данных, включая PubMed и Web of Science. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о том, что почти во всех 13 районах Мавритании имели место многочисленные вспышки арбовирусных заболеваний различной величины, причем наиболее распространенными и

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
During the past four decades, recurrent outbreaks of various arthropod-borne viruses have been reported in Mauritania. This review aims to consolidate the current knowledge on the epidemiology of the major arboviruses circulating in Mauritania. Online databases including PubMed and Web of Science were used to retrieve relevant published studies. The results …

siRNAs and Viruses: The good, the Bad and the Way Forward.

There are no available antivirals for many viruses or strains, while current antivirals are limited by toxicity and drug resistance. Therefore, alternative strategies, such as RNA interference (RNAi) are required. RNAi suppresses gene expression of any mRNA, making it an attractive candidate for antiviral therapeutics. Studies have evaluated siRNAs in a range of viruses, with some showing promising results. However, issues with stability and delivery of siRNAs remain. These issues may be minimized by modifying the siRNA structure, using an efficient delivery vector and targeting multiple regio…

A mixed blessing of viruses in wastewater treatment plants.

Activated sludge of wastewater treatment plants harbors a very high diversity of both microorganisms and viruses, wherein the latter control microbial dynamics and metabolisms by infection and lysis of cells. However, it remains poorly understood how viruses impact the biochemical processes of activated sludge, for example in terms of treatment efficiency and pollutant removal. Using metagenomic and metatranscriptomic deep sequencing, the present study recovered thousands of viral sequences from activated sludge samples of three conventional wastewater treatment plants. Gene-sharing network in…

RNA-Based Vaccination of Plants for Control of Viruses.

Plant viruses cause nearly half of the emerging plant diseases worldwide, contributing to 10-15% of crop yield losses. Control of plant viral diseases is mainly accomplished by extensive chemical applications targeting the vectors (i.e., insects, nematodes, fungi) transmitting these viruses. However, these chemicals have a significant negative effect on human health and the environment. RNA interference is an endogenous, cellular, sequence-specific RNA degradation mechanism in eukaryotes induced by double-stranded RNA molecules that has been exploited as an antiviral strategy through transgene…

Are pigs overestimated as a source of zoonotic influenza viruses?

BACKGROUND: Swine influenza caused by influenza A viruses (IAV) directly affects respiratory health and indirectly impairs reproduction rates in pigs causing production losses. In Europe, and elsewhere, production systems have intensified featuring fewer holdings but, in turn, increased breeding herd and litter sizes. This seems to foster swine IAV (swIAV) infections with respect to the entrenchment within and spread between holdings. Disease management of swine influenza is difficult and relies on biosecurity and vaccination measures. Recently discovered and widely proliferating forms of self…

A Game of Infection - Song of Respiratory Viruses and Interferons.

Humanity has experienced four major pandemics since the twentieth century, with the 1918 Spanish flu, the 2002 severe acute respiratory synd … to focus on this singular topic. While for the past 50 years research have been heavily focused on viruses themselves, we now understand that the host immune responses are just as important in determining the pathogenesis and outcomes of infection. Research in innate immune mechanisms is crucial in understanding all aspects of host antiviral programmes a …

Influenza Viruses Suitable for Studies in Syrian Hamsters.

Several small animal models, including mice, Syrian hamsters, guinea pigs, and ferrets are used to study the pathogenicity, transmissibility, and antigenicity of seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses. Moreover, animal models are essential for vaccination and challenge studies to evaluate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of new vaccines. However, authentic human influenza viruses do not always replicate efficiently in these animal models. Previously, we developed a high-yield A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8-HY) vaccine virus backbone that conferred an increased virus yield to several season…

Effects of Vertical Transmission of Respiratory Viruses to the Offspring.

Overt and subclinical maternal infections in pregnancy can have multiple and significant pathological consequences for the developing fetus, leading to acute perinatal complications and/or chronic disease throughout postnatal life. In this context, the current concept of pregnancy as a state of systemic immunosuppression seems oversimplified and outdated. Undoubtedly, in pregnancy the maternal immune system undergoes complex changes to establish and maintain tolerance to the fetus while still protecting from pathogens. In addition to downregulated maternal immunity, hormonal changes, and mecha

Persistence of RNA Viruses in the Respiratory Tract: An Overview.

Respiratory RNA viruses are a major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections and contribute substantially to hospitalization among infants, elderly, and immunocompromised. Complete viral clearance from acute infections is not always achieved, leading to persistence. Certain chronic respiratory diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have been associated with persistent infection by human respiratory syncytial virus and human rhinovirus, but it is still not clear whether RNA viruses really establish long-term infections as it has been recognized for DNA viruses a…