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Pituitary tumors: pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and management.

Pituitary tumors are frequently encountered intracranial neoplasms. They present with a variety of clinical manifestations that include symptoms and signs of excessive hormone secretion by the tumor, signs of hormone deficits by the normal pituitary gland and others related to expansion of the tumor mass and the resulting compression of surrounding structures such as the optic chiasm and cranial nerves. Advances in molecular biology, immunocytochemical staining and imaging, and the introduction of new treatment options have improved our understanding of the natural history of these adenomas an

The broad spectrum of cancer and immunotherapy: achievements and limitations.

Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment over the past decades, offering renewed hope to patients with previously untreatable malignancies. This therapeutic approach could be categorized into three primary strategies: immune checkpoint blockade, adoptive cell therapy, and cancer vaccines. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have been highly successful in boosting anti-tumour immune responses by blocking the immunosuppressive signals that cancer cells exploit to evade immune surveillance, mainly that exerted by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Adoptive cell therapy, particularly chimeric antig

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… In fact, a study of 40 melanoma patients with ICI-induced hypophysitis revealed that clinical side effects varied significantly between ipilimumab and anti-PD-1 treatments, underscoring the need to monitor specific markers based on the ICI regimen ( 61 ). … Early serum markers for immune checkpoint inhibitor induced hypophysitis in melanoma patients. Cancers. (2024) 16:1340. doi: 10.3390/cancers16071340, PMID: 62. Harnden K, Di Matteo A, Howell K, Mankia K. …

New Entity-Thalassemic Endocrine Disease: Major Beta-Thalassemia and Endocrine Involvement.

Beta-thalassemia (BTH), a recessively inherited haemoglobin (Hb) disorder, causes iron overload (IO), extra-medullary haematopoiesis and bone marrow expansion with major clinical impact. The main objective of this review is to address endocrine components (including aspects of reproductive health as fertility potential and pregnancy outcome) in major beta-thalassemia patients, a complex panel known as thalassemic endocrine disease (TED). We included English, full-text articles based on PubMed research (January 2017-June 2022). TED includes hypogonadism (hypoGn), anomalies of GH/IGF1 axes with

MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Aging and anti-aging: a Combo-Endocrinology overview.

Aging and its underlying pathophysiological background has always attracted the attention of the scientific society. Defined as the gradual, time-dependent, heterogeneous decline of physiological functions, aging is orchestrated by a plethora of molecular mechanisms, which vividly interact to alter body homeostasis. The ability of an organism to adjust to these alterations, in conjunction with the dynamic effect of various environmental stimuli across lifespan, promotes longevity, frailty or disease. Endocrine function undergoes major changes during aging, as well. Specifically, alterations in

Inhibition of brain proinflammatory cytokine synthesis reduces hypothalamic excitation in rats with ischemia-induced heart failure.

The expression of proinflammatory cytokines increases in the hypothalamus of rats with heart failure (HF). The pathophysiological significance of this observation is unknown. We hypothesized that hypothalamic proinflammatory cytokines upregulate the activity of central neural systems that contribute to increased sympathetic nerve activity in HF, specifically, the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Rats with HF induced by coronary ligation and sham-operated controls (SHAM) were treated for 4 wk with a continuous intracerebroventricular infusi

Effects of repeated prenatal glucocorticoid exposure on long-term potentiation in the juvenile guinea-pig hippocampus.

Synthetic glucocorticoids (sGCs) are routinely used to treat women at risk of preterm labour to promote fetal lung maturation. There is now strong evidence that exposure to excess glucocorticoid during periods of rapid brain development has permanent consequences for endocrine function and behaviour in the offspring. Prenatal exposure to sGC alters the expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R) subunits in the fetal and neonatal hippocampus. Given the integral role of the NMDA-R in synaptic plasticity, we hypothesized that prenatal sGC exposure will have effects on hippocampal long-t

Endogenous opioids and attenuated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to immune challenge in pregnant rats.

In late pregnant rats, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is hyporesponsive to psychogenic stressors. Here, we investigated attenuated HPA responses to an immune challenge and a role for endogenous opioids. ACTH and corticosterone were assayed in blood samples from virgin and 21 d pregnant rats before and after endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS); 1 microg/kg, i.v.], interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta; 500 ng/kg, i.v.), or vehicle. In virgins, plasma ACTH concentrations increased 1 h after LPS and 15 min after IL-1beta, as did corticosterone, with no responses in pregnant rats. In situ hyb

High serum levels of somatomedin-C and diabetes mellitus caused by obstructive hydrocephalus: case report.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: This case demonstrates a relationship between hydrocephalus with a huge diverticulum of the third ventricle and high serum levels of somatomedin-C. Somatomedin-C levels become high when the secretion of growth hormone from the adenohypophysis increases, and previous reports state that hydrocephalus decreases the secretion of growth hormone. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: The patient suffered from diabetes mellitus and obesity, and serum somatomedin-C levels were high. A pituitary adenoma or ectopic growth hormone-producing tumor was suspected. Magnetic resonance imaging did

Presurgical Psychological and Neuroendocrine Predictors of Psychiatric Morbidity After Major Vascular Surgery: A Prospective Longitudinal Study.

OBJECTIVES: Major life stressors, including major surgeries, are often followed by psychiatric symptoms and disorders. Prior retrospective work found abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair is followed by increased psychiatric morbidity, which may adversely influence physical and functional recovery. Identifying risk factors before surgery, such as dysregulation in stress response systems, might be useful in improving preventative intervention. METHODS: Two hundred sixteen patients receiving open AAA or aortofemoral bypass surgeries, endovascular AAA repair, or nonsurgical AAA treatment were r

Fish oil alleviates activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis associated with inhibition of TLR4 and NOD signaling pathways in weaned piglets after a lipopolysaccharide challenge.

Long-chain n-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids exert beneficial effects in neuroendocrine dysfunctions in animal models and clinical trials. However, the mechanism(s) underlying the beneficial effects remains to be elucidated. We hypothesized that dietary treatment with fish oil (FO) could mitigate LPS-induced activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis through inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein signaling pathways. Twenty-four weaned pigs were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design, and the main factors consisted of diet (5% cor

NR4A1 (Nur77) mediates thyrotropin-releasing hormone-induced stimulation of transcription of the thyrotropin β gene: analysis of TRH knockout mice.

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is a major stimulator of thyrotropin-stimulating hormone (TSH) synthesis in the anterior pituitary, though precisely how TRH stimulates the TSHβ gene remains unclear. Analysis of TRH-deficient mice differing in thyroid hormone status demonstrated that TRH was critical for the basal activity and responsiveness to thyroid hormone of the TSHβ gene. cDNA microarray and K-means cluster analyses with pituitaries from wild-type mice, TRH-deficient mice and TRH-deficient mice with thyroid hormone replacement revealed that the largest and most consistent decrease in

The pathological anatomical collection of the Natural History Museum Vienna.

The pathological anatomical collection Vienna (Pathologisch-Anatomische Sammlung Wien; PASW) is a living and still growing research collection. It was established as early as 1796 as part of the Medical University of Vienna, acquired the status of an independent federal museum in 1971, and was assigned to the Natural History Museum Vienna in 2012. It houses a wide range of human wet and dry specimens and further objects, such as moulages, medical devices, microbiological and histological specimens, and a photo archive (approximately 50,000 objects), which, as a meaningful source, may contribut

Негативные события, связанные с лечением, заменяют собой реакцию на блокаду контрольно-пропускных пунктов.

ОКРУЖАЮЩАЯ СРЕДА: Иммунная блокада контрольно-пропускных пунктов (МКБ) дает надежду многим пациентам, страдающим раком на поздней стадии, однако ее показатель реагирования остается неясным. Мы разработали гипотезу о том, что связанные с лечением неблагоприятные явления (TRAE) могут предсказать объективную долю ответов (ORR) на ICB. Мы рассчитали операционную против любого класса. 3 в адрес 5 (В тыс.G3-5) ТРАЭ различных типов рака путем проведения мета-анализа с использованием линейной регрессии. Результаты: Мы определили 113 приемлемые исследования, включая 25 - виды негативов, обработанных с

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… Cardiac TrAEs, specifically fulminant myocarditis is of note the most severe AE which entails a high mortality. [ 17 ] Endocrine TrAEs like hyper- or hypo-thyroidism and hypophysitis may require hormone replacement and can be lasting. …

[Vasopressin receptors: structure/function relationships and signal transduction in target cells].

Vasopressin, a hypothalamic hormone, acts on its target tissues via three different G protein coupled receptors. The vasopressin V1a and V1b receptors, associated to Gq protein and phospholipase C, are responsible for vasoconstriction and regulation of the corticotroph axis respectively. The V2 vasopressin receptor is coupled to Gs protein and adenylyl cyclase and is responsible for water reabsorption in the renal collecting duct. Mutations of the V2 receptor are involved in diabetes insipidus and most of these mutations result in an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention of the mutated receptor

Increased Thyroid Hormone Activation Accompanies the Formation of Thyroid Hormone-Dependent Negative Feedback in Developing Chicken Hypothalamus.

The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis is governed by hypophysiotropic TRH-synthesizing neurons located in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus under control of the negative feedback of thyroid hormones. The mechanisms underlying the ontogeny of this phenomenon are poorly understood. We aimed to determine the onset of thyroid hormone-mediated hypothalamic-negative feedback and studied how local hypothalamic metabolism of thyroid hormones could contribute to this process in developing chicken. In situ hybridization revealed that whereas exogenous T4 did not induce a statistically significa

Effects of postischemic environment on transcription factor and serotonin receptor expression after permanent focal cortical ischemia in rats.

Housing rats in an enriched environment improves functional outcome after ischemic stroke, this may reflect neuronal plasticity in brain regions outside the lesion. Which components of the enriched environment that are of greatest importance for recovery after brain ischemia is uncertain. We have previously found that enriched environment and social interaction alone both improve functional recovery after focal cerebral ischemia, compared with isolated housing with voluntary wheel-running. In this study, the aim was to separate components of the enriched environment and investigate the effects

Beneficial effect(s) of n-3 fatty acids in cardiovascular diseases: but, why and how?

Low rates of coronary heart disease was found in Greenland Eskimos and Japanese who are exposed to a diet rich in fish oil. Suggested mechanisms for this cardio-protective effect focused on the effects of n-3 fatty acids on eicosanoid metabolism, inflammation, beta oxidation, endothelial dysfunction, cytokine growth factors, and gene expression of adhesion molecules; But, none of these mechanisms could adequately explain the beneficial actions of n-3 fatty acids. One attractive suggestion is a direct cardiac effect of n-3 fatty acids on arrhythmogenesis. N-3 fatty acids can modify Na+ channels

Systemic endotoxin increases steady-state gene expression of hypothalamic nitric oxide synthase: comparison with corticotropin-releasing factor and vasopressin gene transcripts.

The enzyme responsible for nitric oxide (NO) formation, NO synthase (NOS), is found in hypothalamic neurons that control ACTH secretion. This led to the hypothesis that brain NO may modulate the response of the hypothalamic-pituitary (HP) axis to various stimuli. We tested this hypothesis by measuring changes in constitutive (c) NOS mRNA levels in the hypothalamus of rats systemically injected with endotoxin, a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that releases endogenous cytokines, and analyzed these results in the context of the appearance of ACTH-releasing secretagogues such as corticotropin-releasing

Monoclonal Antibodies Approved for Cancer Therapy

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