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Lymph node metastasis in cancer progression: molecular mechanisms, clinical significance and therapeutic interventions.

Lymph nodes (LNs) are important hubs for metastatic cell arrest and growth, immune modulation, and secondary dissemination to distant sites through a series of mechanisms, and it has been proved that lymph node metastasis (LNM) is an essential prognostic indicator in many different types of cancer. Therefore, it is important for oncologists to understand the mechanisms of tumor cells to metastasize to LNs, as well as how LNM affects the prognosis and therapy of patients with cancer in order to provide patients with accurate disease assessment and effective treatment strategies. In recent years

Ligand-Gated Ion Channels as Targets for Treatment and Management of Cancers.

Ligand-gated ion channels are an ionotropic receptor subtype characterized by the binding of an extracellular ligand, followed by the transient passage of ions through a transmembrane pore. Ligand-gated ion channels are commonly subcategorized into three superfamilies: purinoreceptors, glutamate receptors, and Cys-loop receptors. This classification is based on the differing topographical morphology of the receptors, which in turn confers functional differences. Ligand-gated ion channels have a diverse spatial and temporal expression which implicate them in key cellular processes. Given that t

Unexpected massive bleeding caused by extensive maxillary osteonecrosis in a breast cancer patient: a case report.

Diphosphonate application is routinely recommended to treat bone metastasis (BM) in cancer patients. However, the severe side effects of diphosphonate, especially after long-term use, are often overlooked by clinicians. In this article, we describe a case in which a heavily-treated breast cancer patient, suffered from massive bleeding as a result of maxillary osteonecrosis by zoledronic acid (ZA) and apatinib. In October 2018, a 48-year-old Chinese female with breast cancer presented at our department with brain metastases. The patient had experienced progression multiple times and had receive

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… NBPs inhibit the activity of matrix metalloproteinase 9 in the extracellular matrix, thereby reducing VEGF-VEGFR binding and inhibiting angiogenesis ( 28 ). …

Myokines in cancer: bridging molecular mechanisms to biomarker discovery and therapeutic innovation.

Exercise can regulate the physiological functions of the body by inducing the secretion of myokines, which are bioactive factors mainly secreted by muscle cells. This review classifies myokines based on their functional characteristics, including metabolic regulation (such as myostatin, interleukin-6), neuroregulation (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), cell proliferation/differentiation regulation (myogenic proteins), immune regulation (tumor necrosis factor- alpha), and factors involved in angiogenesis and extracellular matrix remodeling (such as connective tissue growth factor).Cancer, as

Targeting myeloid villains in the treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors in gastrointestinal cancer.

Despite the clinical outcomes being extremely limited, blocking immune inhibitory checkpoint pathways has been in the spotlight as a promising strategy for treating gastrointestinal cancer. However, a distinct strategy for the successful treatment is obviously needed in the clinical settings. Myeloid cells, such as neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells, are the majority of cellular components in the human immune system, but have received relatively less attention for the practical implementation than T cells and NK cells in cancer therapy because of concentration of the int

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… Also, no benefits were seen AGC patients in the randomized phase II trial using a matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) inhibitor andecaliximab in combination with nivolumab ( 27 ), although much better responses (5/10 = 50%) were seen in Japanese patients with GC or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma …

Exosomes for angiogenesis induction in ischemic disorders.

Ischaemic disorders are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. While the current therapeutic approaches have improved life expectancy and quality of life, they are unable to "cure" ischemic diseases and instate regeneration of damaged tissues. Exosomes are a class of extracellular vesicles with an average size of 100-150 nm, secreted by many cell types and considered a potent factor of cells for paracrine effects. Since exosomes contain multiple bioactive components such as growth factors, molecular intermediates of different intracellular pathways, microRNAs and nucleic acids, t

Skeletal metastasis: treatments, mouse models, and the Wnt signaling.

Skeletal metastases result in significant morbidity and mortality. This is particularly true of cancers with a strong predilection for the bone, such as breast, prostate, and lung cancers. There is currently no reliable cure for skeletal metastasis, and palliative therapy options are limited. The Wnt signaling pathway has been found to play an integral role in the process of skeletal metastasis and may be an important clinical target. Several experimental models of skeletal metastasis have been used to find new biomarkers and test new treatments. In this review, we discuss pathologic process o

Keyword Index for Volume 88

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Skin Telocytes Could Fundament the Cellular Mechanisms of Wound Healing in Platelet-Rich Plasma Administration.

For more than 40 years, autologous platelet concentrates have been used in clinical medicine. Since the first formula used, namely platelet-rich plasma (PRP), other platelet concentrates have been experimented with, including platelet-rich fibrin and concentrated growth factor. Platelet concentrates have three standard characteristics: they act as scaffolds, they serve as a source of growth factors and cytokines, and they contain live cells. PRP has become extensively used in regenerative medicine for the successful treatment of a variety of clinical (non-)dermatological conditions like alopec

The journey of boswellic acids from synthesis to pharmacological activities.

There has been a lot of interest in using naturally occurring substances to treat a wide variety of chronic disorders in recent years. From the gum resin of Boswellia serrata and Boswellia carteri, the pentacyclic triterpene molecules known as boswellic acid (BA) are extracted. We aimed to provide a detailed overview of the origins, chemistry, synthetic derivatives, pharmacokinetic, and biological activity of numerous Boswellia species and their derivatives. The literature searched for reports of B. serrata and isolated BAs having anti-cancer, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic,

The dual balance of the cytokine network: key messengers of immune activation and triggers of cytokine storm.

The cytokine network is the central regulatory system for intercellular communication within the immune system. Its proper function depends on the dynamic balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Through complex positive and negative feedback loops, this balance precisely regulates the intensity and duration of immune responses, thereby playing a critical role in both physiological and pathological states. This review systematically summarizes the compositional features and classification framework of the cytokine network, as well as the mechanisms by which it maintain

Neuroscience in peripheral cancers: tumors hijacking nerves and neuroimmune crosstalk.

Cancer neuroscience is an emerging field that investigates the intricate relationship between the nervous system and cancer, gaining increasing recognition for its importance. The central nervous system governs the development of the nervous system and directly affects brain tumors, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) shapes the tumor microenvironment (TME) of peripheral tumors. Both systems are crucial in cancer initiation and progression, with recent studies revealing a more intricate role of the PNS within the TME. Tumors not only invade nerves but also persuade them through remodeling

Bispecific antibodies and nanotechnology: a strategic alliance in cancer immunotherapy.

Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs), designed to recognize two distinct antigens or epitopes, enable innovative mechanisms of action for emerging generations of cancer immunotherapies. Despite their potential, bsAb therapeutics face several challenges related to their biodistribution and pharmacokinetics, which often result in a suboptimal efficacy/toxicity balance. Starting with a brief description of the relevance of bsAbs in cancer immunotherapy, this review aims to critically analyze the synergistic potential of nanotechnology and bsAb technology oriented to enhance therapeutic efficiency while

Muscle and Bone Defects in Metastatic Disease.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The present review addresses most recently identified mechanisms implicated in metastasis-induced bone resorption and muscle-wasting syndrome, known as cachexia. RECENT FINDINGS: Metastatic disease in bone and soft tissues is often associated with skeletal muscle defects. Recent studies have identified a number of secreted molecules and extracellular vesicles that contribute to cancer cell growth and metastasis leading to bone destruction and muscle atrophy. In addition, alterations in muscle microenvironment including dysfunctions in hepatic and mitochondrial metabolism ha

Immunologic tumor microenvironment modulators for turning cold tumors hot.

Tumors can be classified into distinct immunophenotypes based on the presence and arrangement of cytotoxic immune cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Hot tumors, characterized by heightened immune activity and responsiveness to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), stand in stark contrast to cold tumors, which lack immune infiltration and remain resistant to therapy. To overcome immune evasion mechanisms employed by tumor cells, novel immunologic modulators have emerged, particularly ICIs targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein

Integrating imaging and biomarker assessment to better define psoriatic arthritis and predict response to biologic therapy.

The treatment options for PsA have substantially expanded over the last decade. Approximately 40% of patients will not respond to first-line anti-TNF-α therapies. There is limited data to help clinicians select the most appropriate biologic therapy for PsA patients, including guidance for decisions on biologic therapy switching. In this review we will examine the current understanding of predictors of response to treatment. Imaging technology has evolved to allow us to better study psoriatic disease and define disease activity, including synovitis and enthesitis. Enthesitis is implicated in th

Algae-Derived Bioactive Compounds as Platforms for Translational Biotechnology and Health Applications.

Marine macroalgae, microalgae, and associated microorganisms are increasingly recognised as valuable sources of bioactive compounds with applications across biotechnology and health. The environmental and ecological conditions they inhabit shape their metabolite diversity, leading to the production of high-value compounds such as sulphated polysaccharides, lipids, pigments, phenolics, and peptides. These compounds exhibit conserved biological activities that underpin potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and pro-regenerative effects with strong potential for translation. Although e

Targeting Cancer Stem Cell Markers or Pathways: A Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Oral Cancer Treatment.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small subset of cancer cells with stem cell-like properties, self-renewal potential, and differentiation capacity into multiple cell types. Critical genetic alterations or aberrantly activated signaling pathways associated with drug resistance and recurrence have been observed in multiple types of CSCs. In this context, CSCs are considered to be responsible for tumor initiation, growth, progression, therapeutic resistance, and metastasis. Therefore, to effectively eradicate CSCs, tremendous efforts have been devoted to identify specific target molecules that play

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… Localization of matrix metalloproteinase 9 to the cell surface provides a mechanism for CD44-mediated tumor invasion. Genes Dev. 1999;13:35–48. doi: 10.1101/gad.13.1.35. 78. Kim HR, Wheeler MA, Wilson CM, Iida J, Eng D, Simpson MA, McCarthy JB, Bullard KM. … CD44＋/CD133＋ immunophenotype and matrix metalloproteinase-9: influence on prognosis in early-stage oral squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck. 2014;36:1718–1726. doi: 10.1002/hed.23527. 106. An N, Cen B, Cai H, Song JH, Kraft A, Kang Y. Pim1 kinase regulates c-Kit gene translation. …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cancer: from mechanism to therapeutic implications.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as critical secondary messengers in various intracellular signaling pathways that regulate cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival under normal physiological conditions. However, dysregulation of redox signaling-driven by genetic mutations, epigenetic alterations, and posttranscriptional or posttranslational modifications-plays a central role in malignant transformation and cancer progression. Cancer cells typically exhibit elevated basal ROS levels due to increased metabolic activity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oncogene activation. This mode

Alternative CAR Therapies: Recent Approaches in Engineering Chimeric Antigen Receptor Immune Cells to Combat Cancer.

For nearly three decades, chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have captivated the interest of researchers seeking to find novel immunotherapies to treat cancer. CARs were first designed to work with T cells, and the first CAR T cell therapy was approved to treat B cell lymphoma in 2017. Recent advancements in CAR technology have led to the development of modified CARs, including multi-specific CARs and logic gated CARs. Other immune cell types, including natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages, have also been engineered to express CARs to treat cancer. Additionally, CAR technology has been ada