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In vitro production of infectious Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites.

An effective vaccine is needed for the prevention and elimination of malaria. The only immunogens that have been shown to have a protective … P. falciparum life cycle from infectious gametocyte to infectious gametocyte without mosquitoes or primates.

Selective activation and expansion of regulatory T cells using lipid encapsulated mRNA encoding a long-acting IL-2 mutein.

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is critical for regulatory T cell (Treg) function and homeostasis. At low doses, IL-2 can suppress immune pathologies b … lipid-encapsulated mRNA nanoparticles selectively activates and expands Tregs in mice and non-human primates, and also reduces disease severity in mouse models of acute graft versus host disease and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Single cell RNA-sequencing of mouse splenic CD4+ T cells identifies multiple Treg states with distinct response dyna …

Imitative and contagious behaviors in animals and their potential roles in the study of neurodevelopmental disorders.

Social learning in the forms of imitative and contagious behaviors are essential for learning abilities and social interaction. However, chi … utistic-like symptoms. Second, we highlight imitative and contagious behaviors observed in nonhuman primates and other social animals commonly used as models for neurodevelopmental disorders. Lastly, we conceptualize these behaviors in the contexts of mirror neuron activity, learning, and empathy, which are highly debated topics. Taken together, this revie …

Fungal Rhinosinusitis Caused by a Curvularia sp. Infection in a Female Sumatran Orangutan: A Case Report.

Mycotic nasal cavity and paranasal sinus infections in non-human primates (NHPs) are relatively uncommon diseases of the upper respiratory tract. This case study describes the clinical and pathological features as well as the diagnostic techniques and interventions applied to treat the associated disease. A 23-year-old primiparous female Sumatran orangutan residing at Perth Zoo in Western Australia developed intermittent episodes of right-sided epistaxis. An ulcerative nasal mass was identified from a diagnostic endoscopy. The mass was initially biopsied and showed the morphological characteri…

Evaluation of Rhesus Macaque Models for Cerebral Palsy.

Animal models play a central role in all areas of biomedical research. The similarities in anatomical structure and physiological characteristics shared by non-human primates (NHPs) and humans make NHPs ideal models with which to study human disorders, such as cerebral palsy (CP). However, the methodologies for systematically evaluating NHP models of CP have rarely been assessed, despite the long history of using NHP models to understand CP. Such models should be evaluated using multidisciplinary approaches prior to being used to research the diagnosis and treatment of CP. In this study, we ev…

Methods for Transepicardial Cell Transplantation in a Swine Myocardial Infarction Model.

The transplantation of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) has garnered significant attention as a potential means of restoring lost muscle mass and contractile function in injured hearts. Early preclinical work with hPSC-CMs employed rodent models, but the field has recently advanced to transplantation studies in more translationally relevant large animal models including non-human primates and swine. The pig is a particularly attractive model for such studies because the size, structure, and physiology of the porcine heart is very similar to that of humans. The pig …

The presumed receptivity and susceptibility to monkeypox of European animal species.

The Monkeypox virus belongs to the Orthopoxvius genus, as does the specifically human smallpox virus. It is zoonotic and had never previously been considered as capable of human-to-human transmission over more than nine viral generation cycles. While relevant animal reservoirs have yet to be identified, non-human primates (NHP) are only accidental hosts. The potentially high number of current human shedders during the clinical phase (3 weeks maximum) raises the question of a risk in our countries of animals being contaminated by infected humans (reverse zoonosis). Cats as well as cows are susc…

История и воздействие модели вируса Эбола, адаптированной к мыши.

Вирус Эболы (ЭБОВ) является членом семьи филовириды, которая состоит из негатива и охватывает вирусы геморрагической лихорадки РНК, которые могут вызывать серьезные заболевания и высокие показатели смертности. Для изучения этих вирусов требуются лаборатории по локализации BSL-4. Ранние исследования патогенеза EBOV в значительной степени основывались на использовании нечеловеческих приматов, которые являются дорогостоящими и громоздкими для обработки в большом количестве. Кроме того, были разработаны модели морских свиней, однако даже по сей день в этой модели имеются ограниченные реагенты. В 1

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Ebola virus (EBOV) is a member of the filoviridae family, which are comprised of negative sense, enveloped RNA hemorrhagic fever viruses that can cause severe disease and high lethality rates. These viruses require BSL-4 containment laboratories for study. Early studies of EBOV pathogenesis relied heavily on the use of nonhuman primates, which are expensive …

Mathematical modelling Treponema infection in free-ranging Olive baboons (Papio anubis) in Tanzania.

Yaws is a chronic infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum susp. pertenue (TPE) that was thought to be an exclusive human pathogen but was recently found and confirmed in nonhuman primates. In this paper, we develop the first compartmental ODE model for TPE infection with treatment of wild olive baboons. We solve for disease-free and endemic equilibria and give conditions on local and global stability of the disease-free equilibrium. We calibrate the model based on the data from Lake Manyara National Park in Tanzania. We use the model to help the park managers devise an effective s…

Comparative anatomy of the macaque and the human frontal oculomotor domain.

In non-human primates, at the junction of the prefrontal with the premotor cortex, there is a sector designated as frontal eye field (FEF), involved in controlling oculomotor behavior and spatial attention. Evidence for at least two FEFs in humans is at the basis of the still open issue of the possible homologies between the macaque and the human frontal oculomotor system. In this review article we address this issue suggesting a new view solidly grounded on evidence from the last decade showing that, in macaques, the FEF is at the core of an oculomotor domain in which several distinct areas, …

In the eye of the storm: SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication at the ocular surface?

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) first emerged in December 2019 and spread quickly causing the coronavirus disea … e overall low ocular SARS-CoV-2 infection. We critically evaluate the studies performed in nonhuman primates, ex vivo organ culture ocular models, stem cell derived eye organoids and the differences in infection efficiency observed in different parts of human ocular surface epithelium. Finally, we highlight the additional work that needs to be carried out …

Zebrafish as a tractable model of human cardiovascular disease.

Mammalian models including non-human primates, pigs and rodents have been used extensively to study the mechanisms of cardiovascular disease. However, there is an increasing desire for alternative model systems that provide excellent scientific value while replacing or reducing the use of mammals. Here, we review the use of zebrafish, Danio rerio, to study cardiovascular development and disease. The anatomy and physiology of zebrafish and mammalian cardiovascular systems are compared, and we describe the use of zebrafish models in studying the mechanisms of cardiac (e.g. congenital heart defec…

Animal Models for Influenza Research: Strengths and Weaknesses.

Influenza remains one of the most significant public health threats due to its ability to cause high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Alth … s of each animal model-including mice, ferrets, guinea pigs, swine, felines, canines, and non-human primates-for elucidating influenza viral pathogenesis and transmission and for evaluating therapeutic agents and vaccine efficacy.

Fatal infection with Versteria sp. in a muskrat, with implications for human health.

The Taeniidae tapeworms are a family of helminths that have a similar life cycle, with intermediate hosts developing characteristic cysts in … eria that has been implicated as the cause of severe morbidity and mortality in humans and nonhuman primates in North America. Considering the zoonotic significance of this pathogen, our report expands on the limited literature regarding disease caused by Versteria and emphasizes the need to identify the causative tapeworm more accurately, especially in ro …

The transcription factor CREB1 is a mechanistic driver of immunogenicity and reduced HIV-1 acquisition following ALVAC vaccination.

Development of effective human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) vaccines requires synergy between innate and adaptive immune cells. Here we show that induction of the transcription factor CREB1 and its target genes by the recombinant canarypox vector ALVAC + Alum augments immunogenicity in non-human primates (NHPs) and predicts reduced HIV-1 acquisition in the RV144 trial. These target genes include those encoding cytokines/chemokines associated with heightened protection from simian immunodeficiency virus challenge in NHPs. Expression of CREB1 target genes probably results from direct cGAMP (…

Spontaneous Visual Preference for Face-Like Stimuli Is Impaired in Newly-Hatched Domestic Chicks Exposed to Valproic Acid During Embryogenesis.

Faces convey a great amount of socially relevant information related to emotional and mental states, identity and intention. Processing of face information is a key mechanism for social and cognitive development, such that newborn babies are already tuned to recognize and orient to faces and simple schematic face-like patterns since the first hours of life. Similar to neonates, also non-human primates and domestic chicks have been shown to express orienting responses to faces and schematic face-like patterns. More importantly, existing studies have hypothesized that early disturbances of these…

A miniature pig model of pharmacological tolerance to long-term sedation with the intravenous benzodiazepines; midazolam and remimazolam.

As a new and ultra fast-acting IV benzodiazepine, pharmacological tolerance may be anticipated during long-term treatment with remimazolam e.g. in intensive care. In this context, tolerance is particularly relevant for withdrawal syndrome. However, apart from primates, existing models of sedative tolerance are unsuitable for remimazolam due to its excessive metabolic clearance (i.e. in rodents) or paradoxical responses (in dogs). Pigs are a well-established model species, especially for in-vivo drug safety studies, and appear a well suited as model for evaluation of remimazolam. In a series of…

Striatal ΔFosB gene suppression inhibits the development of abnormal involuntary movements induced by L-Dopa in rats.

L-Dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) is associated with the upregulation of striatal ∆FosB in animal models and patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). A mechanistic role of ∆FosB is suspected because its transgenic overexpression leads to the early appearance of LID in rodents and primates. This study in rodents is aimed at exploring the therapeutic potential of striatal ∆FosB gene suppression to control LID in patients with PD. To determine the effect of reducing striatal ∆FosB expression, we used RNAi gene knockdown in a rat model of PD and assessed abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) in respo…

Evidence for a vocal signature in the rat and its reinforcing effects: a key role for the subthalamic nucleus.

Although rodents have a well-structured vocal form of communication, like humans and non-human primates, there is, to date, no evidence for a vocal signature in the well-known 50- and 22-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) emitted by rats. Here, we show that rats can recognize the identity of the USV emitter since they choose to preferentially self-administer playback of 50-kHz USVs emitted by a stranger rat over those of their cagemate. In a second experiment, we show that only stranger, but not familiar, 50-kHz USVs reduce cocaine self-administration. Finally, to study the neurobiological su…

Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses and Xenotransplantation, 2021.

Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) are integrated in the genome of all pigs, and some of them are able to infect human cells. Therefore … cells into diabetic humans, in preclinical trials transplanting pig cells and organs into nonhuman primates with remarkable long survival times of the transplant, and in infection experiments with several animal species. Nevertheless, in order to prevent virus transmission to the recipient, numerous strategies have been developed, including selection of P …