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Radiation-Induced Oral Mucositis.

Radiation-induced oral mucositis (RIOM) is a major dose-limiting toxicity in head and neck cancer patients. It is a normal tissue injury caused by radiation/radiotherapy (RT), which has marked adverse effects on patient quality of life and cancer therapy continuity. It is a challenge for radiation oncologists since it leads to cancer therapy interruption, poor local tumor control, and changes in dose fractionation. RIOM occurs in 100% of altered fractionation radiotherapy head and neck cancer patients. In the United Sates, its economic cost was estimated to reach 17,000.00 USD per patient with

Nontraumatic Spinal Cord Injury: Epidemiology, Etiology and Management.

The spinal cord is a conduit within the central nervous system (CNS) that provides ongoing communication between the brain and the rest of the body, conveying complex sensory and motor information necessary for safety, movement, reflexes, and optimization of autonomic function. After a traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), supraspinal influences on the peripheral nervous system and autonomic nervous system (ANS) are disrupted, leading to spastic paralysis, sympathetic blunting, and parasympathetic dominance, resulting in cardiac dysrhythmias, systemic hypotension, bronchoconstriction, copious re

The role of ixazomib as an augmented conditioning therapy in salvage autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) and as a post-ASCT consolidation and maintenance strategy in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma (ACCoRd [UK-MRA Myeloma XII] trial): study protocol for a Phase III randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell tumour with an approximate annual incidence of 4500 in the UK. Therapeutic options for patients with MM have changed in the last decade with the arrival of proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs. Despite these options, almost all patients will relapse post first-line autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). First relapse management (second-line treatment) has evolved in recent years with an expanding portfolio of novel agents, driving response rates influencing the durability of response. A second ASCT, as part of relapsed diseas

Al amyloidosis.

UNLABELLED: DEFINITION OF THE DISEASE: AL amyloidosis results from extra-cellular deposition of fibril-forming monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) light chains (LC) (most commonly of lambda isotype) usually secreted by a small plasma cell clone. Most patients have evidence of isolated monoclonal gammopathy or smoldering myeloma, and the occurrence of AL amyloidosis in patients with symptomatic multiple myeloma or other B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders is unusual. The key event in the development of AL amyloidosis is the change in the secondary or tertiary structure of an abnormal monoclonal LC,

Hematopoietic Niche Hijacking in Bone Metastases: Roles of Megakaryocytes, Erythroid Lineage Cells, and Perivascular Stromal Subsets.

Bone metastases mark a critical and often terminal phase in cancer progression, where disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) manage to infiltrate and exploit the complex microenvironments of the bone marrow. While most current therapies focus on the well-known late-stage "vicious cycle" of osteolysis, they often overlook the earlier stages, namely, tumor cell colonization and dormancy. During these early phases, cancer cells co-opt hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niches, using them as sanctuaries for long-term survival. In this review, we bring together emerging insights that highlight a trio of undera

Cardiac Amyloidosis: Tribulations and New Frontiers.

This review article aims to provide an overview of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and contemporary management of cardiac amyloidosis (CA) as well as identify the knowledge gaps and areas of potential research. CA can be divided into two main groups: transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (ATTR-CA) and light chain cardiac amyloidosis (AL-CA). The former further separates into wild-type transthyretin (ATTRwt) and hereditary transthyretin (ATTRv). African Americans, males, and people older than 75 are the most common demographics affected by this disease. Thanks to an increased understanding of this

Oncolytic herpes viruses, chemotherapeutics, and other cancer drugs.

Oncolytic viruses are emerging as a potential new way of treating cancers. They are selectively replication-competent viruses that propagate only in actively dividing tumor cells but not in normal cells and, as a result, destroy the tumor cells by consequence of lytic infection. At least six different oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (oHSVs) have undergone clinical trials worldwide to date, and they have demonstrated an excellent safety profile and intimations of efficacy. The first pivotal Phase III trial with an oHSV, talimogene laherparepvec (T-Vec [OncoVex(GM-CSF)]), is almost complete, wi

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… Compounds that increase cell permissiveness to oHSV Many chemotherapeutic drugs are DNA damaging agents and, following exposure to such agents, cells upregulate their DNA damage repair pathways. … Thus, the presence of GADD34 in tumor cells following treatment with a DNA damaging agent would increase the number of cells permissive to oHSV infection and increase the viral spread through the tumor. …

Effects from treating moderate- to high-risk obesity patients with anti-obesity medication from a societal perspective.

Obesity is a global health concern with new medication treatment options. So far, research on how programs with newer anti-obesity medication (AOM) for the moderate- to high-risk population can mitigate the prevalence of obesity and reduce the economic burden of society is limited. We aimed to assess such impacts of AOM and lifestyle intervention with the GLP-1 receptor agonist semaglutide on patients with different obesity classes, i.e. risks (and no diabetes), based on clinical trial data. We estimated the treatment effect on prevalence, medical and indirect costs using the population-attrib

Current Advancements in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression and Its Postintervention Care: A Comprehensive Review.

Malignant spinal cord compression (MSCC) is a serious oncological emergency that can result in neurological impairment and significant pain. It is associated with high morbidity, mortality, and a decrease in quality of life. This review reviews the current literature concerning diagnosis, guidelines, timely intervention, and management options in oncology patients with MSCC. A literature search of PubMed using relevant keywords and MeSH terms yielded 604 articles. Of these, 31 studies met the predefined inclusion criteria and were selected for detailed data extraction and synthesis into a narr

Temporal trends and determinants of inpatient palliative care utilization among hospitalized patients with acute myeloid leukemia: a retrospective cross-sectional study.

BackgroundAcute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains an aggressive malignancy, despite advancements in diagnosis and treatment. Early integration of palliative care has been shown to alleviate symptom burden and enhance quality of life among patients and their caregivers. However, palliative care remains underutilized, especially in hematologic malignancies. This study aims to determine the rate of inpatient palliative care utilization among hospitalized patients with AML and to identify predictors of inpatient palliative care utilization.MethodsThis retrospective study utilized data extracted from

Смертность и причины смерти для лиц с множественным склерозом: исследование, проведенное финским национальным регистром.

ВВЕДЕНИЕ: Демографические продольные данные о смертности и причинах смерти (ОД) людей с множественным склерозом (ПМС) являются скудными. Мы изучали все причины и причины смертности в Финляндии в рамках общенационального регистрационного исследования. МЕТОДЫ: ПУМС, 1st Январь 1971 до конца 2019 :: были выявлены в финской системе учета и в национальном регистре медицинского обслуживания. Стандартизованные коэффициенты смертности (УМС), избыточные коэффициенты смертности (УДР), ожидаемая продолжительность жизни и причины смерти (ОД) были определены путем увязки с национальными реестрами. РЕЗУЛЬТА

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT imaging work-flow in a single medical institution: comparison among the three Italian waves.

PurposeTo compare the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT imaging work-flow during the three waves in a medical institution of southern of Italy.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the numbers and results of 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT studies acquired during the following three periods of the COVID-19 waves: 1) February 3-April 30, 2020; 2) October 15, 2020-January 15, 2021; and 3) January 18-April 16, 2021.ResultsA total of 861 PET/CT studies in 725 patients (388 men, mean age 64 ± 4 years) was acquired during the three waves of COVID-19 pandemic. The majority (94%) was performed for diagn

Racial and ethnic differences in the utilization of autologous transplantation for lymphoma in the United States.

BackgroundRacial/ethnic disparities in the utilization of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) have been reported for patients with hematologic malignancies, but population-based data are lacking for lymphoma patients. The objective of this study was to determine whether racial and ethnic disparities exist in the utilization of autologous HCT for lymphoma in the United States.MethodWe used Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data linked to Medicare fee-for-service claims. We included Medicare beneficiaries aged 66+ years with Hodgkin or Non-Hodgkin lymphomas diagnosed between 2008

Ten tips for an onco-nephrology clinic.

An increasing number of cancer patients are benefiting from long term cancer-directed therapy with an ever-expanding arsenal of novel agents from monoclonal antibodies to small molecules and cellular therapies in addition to the mainstay cytotoxic chemotherapy. All these therapies are accompanied by a unique array of adverse events, which include kidney toxicity. In this context, the need for onco-nephrology expertise continues to grow. Oncologists and hematologists collaborate closely with onco-nephrologists to determine: (i) treatment options for special populations based on accurate assessm

Oncogenes: The Passport for Viral Oncolysis Through PKR Inhibition.

The transforming properties of oncogenes are derived from gain-of-function mutations, shifting cell signaling from highly regulated homeostatic to an uncontrolled oncogenic state, with the contribution of the inactivating mutations in tumor suppressor genes P53 and RB, leading to tumor resistance to conventional and target-directed therapy. On the other hand, this scenario fulfills two requirements for oncolytic virus infection in tumor cells: inactivation of tumor suppressors and presence of oncoproteins, also the requirements to engage malignancy. Several of these oncogenes have a negative i

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… has its expression modulated by MEK-downregulated IFN-inducible genes, which in turn may be negatively regulated by RAS/MEK, allowing viral oncolysis. 50 Ras is important for Reovirus uncoating and infectivity. 51 In modified herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), Ras signaling also dictates host–cell permissiveness … acts as a central link between Ras and the downstream kinases MEK and ERK. 53 , 54 Activating mutations in Raf family members may render independence of Ras activation 55 and resistance to targeted therapy. 56 One of the most studied Raf mutations (B-RAF V600E ) is also involved in viral oncolysis permissivity …

PROCEEDINGS 32nd Symposium ESVN-ECVN WROCLAW, POLAND 12th-14th September 2019. Selected research communications of the 32nd Symposium of the ESVN-ECVN Wroclaw, Poland 12th to 14th September 2019.

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The advancement and utility of multimodal imaging in the diagnosis of degenerative disc disease.

Degenerative disc disease (DDD) is a common spinal condition characterized by the deterioration of intervertebral discs, leading to chronic back pain and reduced mobility. While magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has long been the standard for late-stage DDD diagnosis, its limitations in early-stage detection prompt the exploration of advanced imaging methods. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) using 18F- fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and 18F-sodium fluoride (NaF) has shown promise in identifying metabolic imbalances and age-related spinal degeneration, thereby complementing CT

Нанозимы: инновационная терапия в борьбе с нейродегенеративными заболеваниями.

Нейродегенеративные заболевания, включая болезнь Альцгеймера (AD), болезнь Паркинсона (PD), множественный склероз (MS), амиотропический боковой склероз (ALS) и болезнь Хантингтона (HD), представляют собой серьезную проблему для здоровья населения мира из-за их прогрессивного характера и отсутствия лечения. Эти расстройства характеризуются окислительным стрессом, завязыванием белка и нейроинфламмацией, которые в совокупности приводят к нервным повреждениям и смерти. Последние достижения в нанотехнологии позволили внедрить нанозменные наноматериалы, которые имитируют деятельность, похожую на фер

Каннабидиол как иммунный модулятор: всеобъемлющий обзор.

Каннабидиол (КБР), непсихоактивный фитоканнабиноид, полученный из сативы Каннабиса, стал многообещающим терапевтическим агентом в силу его разнообразных фармакологических свойств, включая сильные антивоспалительные, нейрозащитные и иммунодуляторные эффекты. КБР модифицирует иммунную реакцию, включая регулирование активности клеток Т, введение апоптоза макрофага, подавление провоспалительных цитокинов и модуляцию сигнальных путей воспаления и иммунной гомеостазии. Был проведен всеобъемлющий поиск литературы с использованием баз данных PubMed, Scopus и Web of Science в целях выявления соответств

Application of dendritic cell extracellular vesicles as a valid nanoparticle platform for cancer therapies: a narrative review.

The prevalence of cancers has actually increased during the last few decades, affecting almost all human societies. Despite progress in therapeutic protocols, cancer is still the main cause of global human mortality. Although the advancement of modern immunotherapeutic approaches can increase the survival rate of cancer patients, new modalities are essential for improved therapeutic outcomes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized particles and are used for cell-free approaches instead of direct whole cell-based administration. It has been thought that EVs can reduce the risks and side eff