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Axonal damage: a key predictor of outcome in human CNS diseases.

Axonal damage has recently been recognized to be a key predictor of outcome in a number of diverse human CNS diseases, including head and spinal cord trauma, metabolic encephalopathies, multiple sclerosis and other white-matter diseases (acute haemorrhagic leucoencephalitis, leucodystrophies and central pontine myelinolysis), infections [malaria, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and infection with human lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I) causing HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (HAM)/tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP)] and subcortical ischaemic damage. The evidence for axonal damage and,

Сексуальная диагностика после травматологического травматизма мозга и разрушения мозга: критический нарационный обзор нейробиологии, клинических фенотипов и управления.

Фон/цели: Приобретенная травма мозга (АБИ) может нарушить сексуальное регулирование, но в литературе не поддерживается ни одна связь между побочными повреждениями. В этом критическом обзоре дается оценка гиперсексуальности, сексуального лишения и редких парафических проявлений после травматической травмы мозга (ТБР) и инсульта, а также задается вопрос о том, насколько скудные, разнородные данные могут служить основой для пропорционального клинического ухода. Методы: была проведена проверка по Пубмеду/МЕДЛИНЕ, Скопу и Сети наук 6 Август 2026. Two Эксперты, проводящие обзор, проводят независимую

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Background/Objectives: Acquired brain injury (ABI) can disturb sexual regulation, but the literature does not support a single lesion-to-beh … frequent and poorly quantified. TBI primarily supports a distributed vulnerability model involving diffuse axonal injury and disruption of frontal regulatory connections. Stroke can nominate strategic candidate nodes, but lesion-network effects and clinical context remain decisive. Clinical observations associate inappropriate sexual behavior with broader behavioral d …

The subtype matters: unraveling the clinical impact of TBI variants among patients with isolated blunt head injury and skull fractures.

INTRODUCTION: Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with isolated blunt TBIs presenting unique clinical challenges. Despite extensive research, limited studies have examined how specific TBI subtypes, subdural hematoma (SDH), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), epidural hemorrhage (EDH), diffuse axonal injury (DAI), and contusions-affect critical outcomes such as in-hospital mortality, ICU length of stay (LOS), and ventilation duration. Understanding these associations is essential for improving patient management and resource allocation. OBJECTIVE: Th…

Cerebral fat embolism: Use of MR spectroscopy for accurate diagnosis.

Cerebral fat embolism (CFE) is an uncommon but serious complication following orthopedic procedures. It usually presents with altered mental … CFE. Watershed infarcts, hypoxic encephalopathy, disseminated infections, demyelinating disorders, diffuse axonal injury can also show similar changes on MRI of brain. The presence of fat in these hyperintense lesions, identified by MR spectroscopy as raised lipid peaks will help in accurate diagnosis of CFE. Normal brain tissue or conditions producing similar MRI cha …

Early hematoma expansion provides incremental prognostic information beyond admission characteristics for 6-month functional outcome after adult traumatic brain injury.

BACKGROUND: Early hematoma expansion (HE) reflects interval progression of traumatic intracranial hemorrhage, but its association with long- … ing age, admission Glasgow Coma Scale score, D-dimer, baseline hematoma volume, cerebral contusion, diffuse axonal injury, frontal lobe involvement, and long-bone fracture. RESULTS: At 6 months, 145 patients (22.7%) had an unfavorable outcome. HE was independently associated with a lower likelihood of favorable outcome (OR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.10-0.42). Adding HE reduced …

[Neurosurgical Management of Traumatic Brain Injury].

The neurosurgical management of traumatic brain injury (TBI) plays a critical role in ensuring acute survival and mitigating secondary brain … ain damage results from shearing forces on the parenchyma, manifesting as contusions, hematomas, or diffuse axonal injury. Secondary brain damage is driven by mechanisms such as inflammation and spreading depolarizations. Treatment aims not only to secure immediate survival but also to reduce secondary injuries, with ICP management being crucial. Neurosurgical interven …

White Matter and Cognition in Traumatic Brain Injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of disability and produces a wide range of cognitive, emotional, and physical consequences. … t to begin is a focus on the white matter of the brain, where the neuropathological lesion known as diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is routinely identified. White matter is not typically accorded the significance granted to cortical gray matter in discussions of cognitive dysfunction and dementia, but increasing evidence is accumulating to suggest that cognitive decline af …

Motocross-associated head and spine injuries in adult patients evaluated in an emergency department.

BACKGROUND: Motor vehicle-related injuries (including off-road) are the leading cause of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and acute traumatic sp … =2), subdural hematoma (n=1), subarachnoid hemorrhage (n=4), intraparenchymal hemorrhage (n=3), and diffuse axonal injury (n=3). Among the 46 spine injuries, 32 (69.6%) were acute spinal fractures. Seven patients (4.9%) had clinically significant and persistent neurologic injuries. One patient (0.7%) died, and 3 patients had severe TBIs. CONCLUSION: Adult patients eva …

Pediatric crushing head injury: biomechanics and clinical features of an uncommon type of craniocerebral trauma.

BACKGROUND: Head injuries constitute one of the leading causes of pediatric morbidity and mortality. Most injuries result from accidents inv … vault in 11 instances. Fourteen patients had an associated intracranial lesion, including two with diffuse axonal injury. Surgery was performed in three instances. Only seven patients were left with sequelae. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The observed skull, brain, and cranial nerve lesions corresponded to a mechanism of bilateral compression of the children's heads ma …

Neuronal free Ca(2+)and BBB permeability and ultrastructure in head injury with secondary insult.

OBJECTIVE: To study changes in free calcium (Ca(2+)), neuronal and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and ultrastructure in brain after diffuse axonal injury (DAI) with secondary brain insults (SBIs). METHOD: One hundred and twenty Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomised into control, DAI alone and DAI with SBI groups which were sub-divided into 5 groups that were 0.5 h, 2 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h post trauma. The animal models of DAI and DAI with SBI have been described before (2). Fluorescence probe Fluo-3/Am was used to measure free Ca(2+)in neurons. Laser scan microscopy was used to detec…

Epidemiological and Clinico-radiological Evaluation of Head Injury in Pediatric Population.

BACKGROUND: Head injury in infancy and childhood has been documented as the single most common cause of death. In India, children aged <15 y … ith head injury followed by parenchymal contusion or contusion with or without fracture followed by diffuse axonal injury. A total of 344 cases out of 497 cases were discharged with Glasgow outcome score (GOS)-5 whereas nine cases remained in a persistent vegetative state (GOS-2). CONCLUSION: Early intervention aimed at the primary lesion in TBI in children generally …

Numerical simulations of the 10-year-old head response in drop impacts and compression tests.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Studies on traumatic injuries of children indicate that impact to the head is a major cause of severe injury and high mortality. However, regulatory and ethical concerns very much limit development and validation of computer models representing the pediatric head. The purpose of this study was to develop a child head finite element model with high-biofidelity to be used for studying pediatric head injury mechanisms. METHODS: A newly developed 10-year-old (YO) pediatric finite element head model was limitedly validated for kinematic and kinetic responses against data

Working memory and corpus callosum microstructural integrity after pediatric traumatic brain injury: a diffusion tensor tractography study.

Deficits in working memory (WM) are a common consequence of pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) and are believed to contribute to difficulties in a range of cognitive and academic domains. Reduced integrity of the corpus callosum (CC) after TBI may disrupt the connectivity between bilateral frontoparietal neural networks underlying WM. In the present investigation, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography of eight callosal subregions (CC1-CC8) was examined in relation to measures of verbal and visuospatial WM in 74 children sustaining TBI and 49 typically developing comparison children.

Implantable and transcutaneous photobiomodulation promote neuroregeneration and recovery of lost function after spinal cord injury.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a cause of profound and irreversible damage, with no effective therapy to promote functional recovery. Photobiomodulation (PBM) may provide a viable therapeutic approach using red or near-infrared light to promote recovery after SCI by mitigating neuroinflammation and preventing neuronal apoptosis. Our current study aimed to optimize PBM dose regimens and develop and validate the efficacy of an invasive PBM delivery paradigm for SCI. Dose optimization studies were performed using a serum withdrawal model of injury in cultures of primary adult rat dorsal root ganglio

Traumatic brain injury: review of current management strategies.

Head injury is a common condition with a high morbidity and mortality. Serious intracranial haematomas require early recognition and evacuation to maximise chances of independent outcomes. Recent organisational changes have promoted the development of trauma units and major trauma centres where patients can go through triage and be managed in an appropriate environment, and the development of management pathways in intensive treatment units has resulted in improvements in the outcome of traumatic brain injuries. Evidence for the treatment of cerebral perfusion pressure, and management of hyper

Central pain due to spinothalamic tract injury caused by indirect head trauma following a pratfall.

OBJECTIVES: This study reports on patients who showed central pain due to injury of the spinothalamic tract (STT) caused by fall without direct head trauma. DESIGN: Prospective study. PARTICIPANTS: Two patients with mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) resulting from a fall were enrolled. Patient 1 was a 21-year-old female who had suffered a pratfall with no history of direct head trauma. She had begun to feel pain in both upper trunk and lower back and the left leg since ~ 5 days after onset: constant tingling and throbbing sensation with allodynia. Patient 2 was a 39-year-old male who had suf

Traumatic brain injury: a review of pathophysiology and therapeutic potential of polyphenols.

OBJECTIVES: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is severe and may become debilitating for sufferers as a result of damage to the brain. Defining features include primary trauma, axonal damage, as well as both diffuse and focal lesions. One of the many complex biological responses to TBI are neuroinflammation and oxidative stress which are among the most important. METHODS: In this study, we assess the efficacy of polyphenols compounds on managing TBI, given that they are anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. We focus on recent literature that studies the impact of polyphenols on microglial activation a

Methadone-induced delayed posthypoxic encephalopathy: clinical, radiological, and pathological findings.

Objective. To describe the clinical, radiological and pathological findings in a patient with methadone-induced delayed posthypoxic encephalopathy (DPHE). Case Report. A Thirty-eight-year-old man was found unconscious for an unknown duration after methadone and diazepam ingestion. His initial vitals were temperature 104 degree Fahrenheit, heart rate 148/minute, respiratory rate 50/minute, and blood pressure 107/72 mmhg. He developed renal failure, rhabdomyolysis, and elevated liver enzymes which resolved completely in 6 days. After 2 weeks from discharge he had progressive deterioration of his

The contribution of MRI in the differential diagnosis of posterior fossa damage.

In multiple sclerosis patients, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) frequently detects lesions in the brain stem and cerebellum. However variou … l patients but the pontine MRI changes have an overlapping profile with inflammatory demyelination. Diffuse axonal injury of the midbrain and brainstem after head trauma and atrophy of posterior fossa structures in degenerative diseases may appear similar on MRI to tissue changes also seen frequently in MS. Analysis of the MRI appearance and clinical information is mos …

Differential diagnosis of posterior fossa multiple sclerosis lesions--neuroradiological aspects.

Various infratentorial pathological conditions can mimic multiple sclerosis (MS) both clinically and radiologically. We review the inflammat … lead to posterior fossa lesions. The MRI changes of central pontine myelinolysis can also mimic MS. Diffuse axonal injury, radiation and chemotherapy induce lesions that resemble MS, however the clinical history will exclude these possibilities. Finally, we discuss a few conditions which are similar to MS in clinical presentation but have different MRI appearances, suc …