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Orthorexic tendencies and the structure of achievement motivation in young people in Poland.

OBJECTIVES: Studies on the psychological aspects of orthorexia nervosa are scarce. What has been studied to date is the correlation between orthorexia nervosa and self-esteem, perfectionism, and personality. The aim of this study is to verify whether patients suffering from orthorexia or those who have a tendency for orthorexia differ in terms of achievement motivation from a healthy control group. METHODS: The study was conducted in the group of 252 medical students. The study relied on the ORTO-15 questionnaire, Eating Attitudes Test-26, and Inventory of Achievement Motivation (Leistungsmot

Orthorexia nervosa - the border between healthy eating and eating disorders.

The term orthorexia nervosa (ON), presented in 1997 in Yoga Journal by Dr. Steven Bratman, sheds new light on the view on healthy eating habits. He showed that persistent thinking about nutrition does not necessarily have to be associated with anorexia or bulimia, and may turn into something so far unknown - obsessive control over the healthiest eating style, resulting in numerous self-imposed restrictions and in the long run, without appropriate therapy, leading to the deterioration of the current state of health. Orthorexia can have many consequences not only on mental health, but also on ph

Orthorexia Nervosa Inventory (ONI): development and validation of a new measure of orthorexic symptomatology.

PURPOSE: To overcome the problems associated with existing measures of orthorexia, we assessed the reliability and validity of a new measure: the Orthorexia Nervosa Inventory (ONI). METHOD: An online survey was completed by 847 people recruited from undergraduate nutrition and psychology courses and from advertisements in Facebook and Instagram targeting both healthy eaters (with keywords such as "clean eating" and "healthy eating") and normal eaters (with keywords such as "delicious food" and "desserts"). RESULTS: Exploratory factor analysis revealed three factors with 9 items assessing beh

Estimating optimal observational sampling frequency of behaviors for cattle fed high- and low-forage diets.

Video recordings of behavioral activities including eating, ruminating, drinking, standing, and lying were monitored to determine the minimum number of sampling days and sampling frequency required to obtain reliable estimates of these behaviors. Eight continental crossbred heifers, individually housed in a tie-stall barn with total mixed ration provided once per day, were divided by BW into two blocks and assigned to each of the two dietary treatments in a crossover design: high-forage diet (HF, forage:concentrate ratio 70:30) and low-forage diet (LF, forage:concentrate ratio 30:70). The cows

[Ginsenoside-Rb1 as a suppressor in central modulation of feeding in the rat].

Ginsenosides, the main component of Panax ginseng root, have been reported to show several pharmacological actions on the peripheral metabolism of glucose and lipid and on endocrine secretion. The present study aimed to clarify the effects of ginsenoside-Rb1 on feeding behavior and endogenous chemical substances. Rb1 infusion into the rat third cerebroventricle was started at 1930 hr, and ingestive behavior was recorded in a soundproof room illuminated daily from 0800 to 2000 hr. Rb1 at doses of 0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 mumol potently decreased food intake dose-dependently during the first dark per…

Modulation of feeding by endogenous sugar acids acting as hunger or satiety factors.

Endogenous sugar acids, 3,4-dihydroxybutanoic acid (2-deoxytetronic acid, 2-DTA) and 2,4,5-trihydroxypentanoic acid (3-deoxypentonic acid, 3-DPA), have been identified in the serum of fasted rats. Effects of these sugar acids on rat feeding behavior and neuron activity were investigated. Injections of 2-DTA (2.5 mumol) into the third cerebral ventricle of chronic rats suppressed food intake and single-neuron activity in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). Food consumption was reduced for 24 h, even in 72-h food-deprived rats. The same amounts of 3-DPA elicited feeding and increased LHA single…

Feeding dysfunction in single ventricle patients with feeding disorder.

PURPOSE: To determine whether caregivers of children with single ventricle heart defects identified as having feeding disorder will report more frequent feeding dysfunction, or maladaptive mealtime behavior and/or interactions, when compared with reference populations. METHODS: As part of routine evaluation, parents of children evaluated at the Feeding, Swallowing, and Nutrition Center at the Children's Hospital of Wisconsin completed previously validated questionnaires to assess feeding dysfunction and parental stress. Parental responses for single ventricle patients were compared with all o

Eating behaviors in childhood eosinophilic esophagitis: A retrospective case-controlled study.

BACKGROUND:: Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory disease in the esophagus. It is associated with feeding difficulties. We aimed to assess eating behaviors in patients with EoE and compare them with controls. METHODS:: This case-controled study enrolled children aged 0–16 years where their eating/behavior scores were measured. Child Behavior Frequency Scores (CBFS) >61, Parents Feeling/strategies Frequency Score (PFSFS) >20 and the Total Behavioral Pediatric Feeding Assessment Scores (BPFAS) >84 were considered as abnormal results. RESULTS:: The study inv

The slow-gaining breastfeeding infant.

Several options are outlined for caring for the slow-gaining breastfed infant when the goal is to continue breastfeeding. A review of pertinent causative factors and simple management solutions are included. Infants with organic causes of slow weight gain can safely be breastfed by using a feeding tube device at the breast. Other feeding options can be explored with the parents, but safety, comfort of the infant, energy conservation, the parents' emotional and time capabilities, and long-term ability to maintain lactation must be considered. A careful follow-up plan is outlined, mostly for enc

Relationship between metabolic status and behavior in dairy cows in week 4 of lactation.

Blood metabolite and hormone concentrations are indicative of metabolic status, but blood sampling and analysis is invasive and time-consuming. Monitoring behavior can be done automatically, and behaviors may also be used as indicators of metabolic status. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationships between metabolic status and feeding behavior, lying behavior, motion index and steps of dairy cows in week 4 postpartum. Behavioral data from 81 Holstein-Friesian cows were collected using computerized feeders and accelerometers, and blood samples were collected for analysis of free-fat…

Effects of different environmental enrichment tools to improve behavior, welfare, and growth performance of broiler chickens.

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of various environmental enrichment (EE) tools on broiler growth, welfare, behavior, carcass, and meat quality. A total of 300 commercial broilers were randomly divided into 05 treatments. The treatments include various EE tools such as perches, balls, hanging bottles, and laser lights placed for birds and a control group. The birds kept with perches and hanging bottles had the lowest feed intake, while the birds in the control group showed the poor feed conversion ratio compared to all EE treatments. Broilers raised under different EE were more

Increased viscosity of milk during infant feeding improves swallow safety through modifying sucking in an animal model.

Infants experiencing frequent aspiration, the entry of milk into the airway, are often prescribed thickened fluids to improve swallow safety. However, research on the outcomes of thickened milk on infant feeding have been limited to documenting rates of aspiration and the rheologic properties of milk following thickening. As a result, we have little insight into the physiologic and behavioral mechanisms driving differences in performance during feeding on high viscosity milk. Understanding the physiologic and behavioral mechanisms driving variation in performance at different viscosities is es

Оценка времени, когда мыши питаются аэдесом аегипти, пробуют и кормят.

В комарах интрадермальный поиск крови позвоночного типа (время пробивания) соответствует времени, затраченному с момента первоначального ввода частей рта в кожу до визуализации первоначального образования крови в середине гортани. Оценка времени позволяет получить полезную информацию о способности комаров успешно питаться кровью. В этом протоколе мы описываем, как определить параметры питания в Aedes aegypti, широко распространенном комаре, который передает несколько смертоносных патогенов, включая желтую лихорадку, денге, Зика и вирусы Чикунгунья. Мы сосредоточимся на различных этапах процесс

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
In mosquitoes, the intradermal search for vertebrate blood (probing time) corresponds to the time taken from initial insertion of the mouthp … ding times can be observed. To record these experimental times, one must closely watch the mosquito feeding behavior including stylet penetration in the host skin, visualization of the first traces of blood in the midgut, engorgement of the midgut, and removal of stylets from the skin.

NPY-mediated synaptic plasticity in the extended amygdala prioritizes feeding during starvation.

Efficient control of feeding behavior requires the coordinated adjustment of complex motivational and affective neurocircuits. Neuropeptides from energy-sensing hypothalamic neurons are potent feeding modulators, but how these endogenous signals shape relevant circuits remains unclear. Here, we examine how the orexigenic neuropeptide Y (NPY) adapts GABAergic inputs to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). We find that fasting increases synaptic connectivity between agouti-related peptide (AgRP)-expressing 'hunger' and BNST neurons, a circuit that promotes feeding. In contrast, GABAer…

Central and peripheral alytesin cause short-term anorexigenic effects in neonatal chicks.

We studied the effects of alytesin, a natural analogue of bombesin, on appetite-related responses and behaviors in neonatal chicks. Chicks responded to both intracerebroventricular (ICV) and peripheral injections of alytesin with short-term reduced feed intake. ICV alytesin caused reduced short-term water intake when feed was present, but we determined this effect was secondary to feed intake since an effect on water intake was not detected in feed-restricted alytesin-treated chicks. The anorexigenic effect of both ICV and peripheral alytesin may be mediated at the hypothalamus, since all hypo

Persistent neuropathic pain selectively impairs hedonic and motivational aspects of eating: Insights from a mouse model.

Chronic pain is known to disrupt affective and motivational states, yet its impact on eating behavior-particularly the balance between homeostatic and reward-driven intake-remains poorly understood. Using the spared nerve injury (SNI) model in male and female mice, we investigated how persistent neuropathic pain alters food intake and reward processing. Fourteen days post-surgery, mice underwent a binge-eating protocol with high-fat diet (HFD), along with operant conditioning for chocolate pellets, and a sucrose preference test to assess hedonic and motivational behavior. Chow intake and body

Larval taste exposure creates compound-specific behavioral modifications in adult Drosophila melanogaster.

An animal's ability to taste is critical for nutrient selection and rejection of potentially toxic substances. Factors such as age, diet, environment, and internal state can also influence food-related behavioral outcomes. One such factor-exposure to taste cues during early development-remains poorly understood. Here, we evaluate how larval taste input affects adult feeding preference in Drosophila melanogaster. We find that larval dietary exposure to papaverine, a bitter alkaloid, attenuates feeding avoidance of papaverine in adult flies. This behavioral modification appears compound specific

Feeding and temperature changes in sheep following injections of barbiturates, Ca-++, or Mg-++ into the lateral, third, or fourth ventricle or cerebral aqueduct.

Eleven sheep were prepared with cannula guides directed toward four areas within the ventricular system to determine effective sites of action of chemicals which when injected into the cerebrospinal fluid produce changes in feeding behavior and temperature regulation. Pentobarbital, barbital, calcium chloride, and magnesium chloride elicited feeding in sheep when injected into the third ventricle or into the cerebral aqueduct; however, feeding response was less after injections into the latter. Pentobarbital and magnesium chloride elicited an increase in body temperature when injected into the…

Activation of D2-Expressing Medium Spiny Neurons in the Nucleus Accumbens Core Mirrors the Delaying Effect of Novelty Exposure on Feeding Onset in Rats.

The nucleus accumbens core (NAcc) plays a central role in integrating reward, motivation, and environmental cues to guide goal-directed behaviors, including feeding. Within the NAcc, D2-expressing medium spiny neurons (D2-MSNs) are implicated in inhibitory control and aversive processing, yet their role in feeding initiation remains poorly understood. Using a chemogenetic approach (DREADDs) in male rats housed in calorimetry-metabolic cages, we investigated the contribution of NAcc D2-MSNs to meal patterning and locomotor activity. Activation of D2-MSNs delayed feeding onset and reduced locomo