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Tumors of the neural crest: Common themes in development and cancer.

The neural crest (NC) is a remarkable transient structure in the vertebrate embryo that gives rise to a highly versatile population of pluripotent cells that contribute to the formation of multiple tissues and organs throughout the body. In order to achieve their task, NC-derived cells have developed specialized mechanisms to promote (1) their transition from an epithelial to a mesenchymal phenotype, (2) their capacity for extensive migration and cell proliferation, and (3) their ability to produce diverse cell types largely depending on the microenvironment encountered during and after their

Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia Pakistani type: expansion of the phenotype.

Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia (SEMD), Pakistani type, is a skeletal dysplasia characterized by platyspondyly, delayed epiphyseal ossification, mild metaphyseal abnormalities, short stature, and short and bowed legs, and is caused by mutations in PAPSS2. In a single Turkish patient also hyperandrogenism was reported. We describe five patients from a Turkish family with SEMD Pakistani type with homozygosity for a nonsense mutation (p.R329X) leading to a stop codon in PAPSS2. Plasma levels of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione were normal, but DHEA sulfate levels were low in fou

Clinical efficacy of Eranda Muladi Yapana Basti in the management of Kati Graha (Lumbar spondylosis).

Low back pain affects approximately 60.85% of adults during some point of their life and 10% of this is because of Lumbar Spondylosis (LS). Kati Graha which is correlated with LS is a degenerative condition affecting the discs, vertebral bodies, and/or associated joints of the lumbar spine. In current study, assessment of Eranda Muladi Yapana Basti in the management of Kati Graha with special reference to LS has been attempted. 23 patients of either sex in the age between 20 to 65 years having signs and symptoms of LS were selected and were administered Yapana Basti for a period of 15 days. Hi

Detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus RNA in North American snakes.

The role of non-avian vertebrates in the ecology of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (EEEV) is unresolved, but mounting evidence supports a potential role for snakes in the EEEV transmission cycle, especially as over-wintering hosts. To determine rates of exposure and infection, we examined serum samples from wild snakes at a focus of EEEV in Alabama for viral RNA using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Two species of vipers, the copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix) and the cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus), were found to be positive for EEEV RNA using this

Three cases of bone metastases in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare, but represent the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract. Tumor resection is the treatment of choice for localized disease. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (imatinib, sunitinib) are the standard therapy for metastatic or unresectable GISTs. GISTs usually metastasize to the liver and peritoneum. Bone metastases are uncommon. We describe three cases of bone metastases in patients with advanced GISTs: two women (82 and 54 years of age), and one man (62 years of age). Bones metastases involved the spine, pelvis and ribs in one p

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… Figure 1 (A) Multiple lytic lesions of the ribs and vertebral body. (B) Multiple lytic lesions of the spine with vertebral collapse. (C) Multiple lytic lesions of the pelvis. Figure 1 (A) Multiple lytic lesions of the ribs and vertebral body. … Many vertebral bodies and the pelvis were involved and the lesions had a lytic pattern ( Figure 2 ). She underwent a partial gastric resection. …

Towards novel antifilarial drugs: challenges and recent developments.

Filariasis is caused by thread-like nematode worms, classified according to their presence in the vertebrate host. The cutaneous group includes Onchocerca volvulus, Loa loa and Mansonella streptocerca; the lymphatic group includes Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and Brugia timori and the body cavity group includes Mansonella perstans and Mansonella ozzardi. Lymphatic filariasis, a mosquito-borne disease, is one of the most prevalent diseases in tropical and subtropical countries and is accompanied by a number of pathological conditions. In recent years, there has been rapid progress in fil

Rib-head osteotomies for posterior placement of expandable cages in the treatment of metastatic thoracic spine tumors.

Metastatic spine tumors commonly affect the thoracic spine, and effective tumor control often requires corpectomy with reconstruction. In some instances, anterior approaches for corpectomy may be difficult or less than ideal because of medical co-morbidities, pulmonary disease or difficult access behind the mediastinum. Thus, posterior approaches are commonly used for corpectomies with anterior column reconstruction in the thoracic spine. Expandable cages have the advantage of restoring height, correcting kyphosis, and providing secure wedging between the vertebral bodies. However, the spinal

Specific osseous spurs in a lethal form of hypophosphatasia correlated with 3D prenatal ultrasonographic images.

BACKGROUND: Hypophosphatasia is an osseous dysplasia with highly variable clinical expression, ranging from a recessive lethal prenatal type to late onset dominant short stature with premature shedding of teeth. Lethal forms of hypophosphatasia include short limb dwarfism with lack of ossification, especially on the vertebral bodies, very slender ribs and clavicles, and bowed, short lower extremities, with a bifid aspect of the diaphyses. Alkaline phosphatase is abnormally low in liver, bone, kidney and plasma. METHODS: We present here the prenatal images of a lethal form of hypophosphatasia,

Morphological changes in the testis induced by diethylcarbamazine.

Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) had been proved to be highly effective against lymphatic filariasis, however its effect on vertebrate cells remains uncertain. After 12 days treatment with DEC, most of the Leydig cells were hypertrophied with several lipid droplets, and others had no nucleus and presented characteristic steatosis features. Vacuolization of Sertoli cells was also noted. Ultrastructural analyses of DEC-treated testes revealed spermatogonies with morphological characteristics of apoptosis, as shrinkage of cytoplasm and increased chromosomal density. In addition, Leydig cells showed numer

Thanatophoric dysplasia: roentgenographic findings and detection of a de novo mutation of FGFR3 gene in a Thai patient.

Thanatophoric dysplasia is the most common neonatal lethal skeletal dysplasia with an estimated incidence of 1 in 20,000 live births. This condition shares some similarity of radiological findings with other types of lethal skeletal dysplasias. Definite diagnosis is necessary for accurate medical and genetic counseling. The authors describe a male neonate who had characteristic features of thanatophoric dysplasia type I including severe shortening of limbs with redundant skin folds, large head, frontal bossing, depressed nasal bridge, and narrow thoracic cage with severe respiratory insufficie

Transient benign osteopetrosis in a calf persistently infected with bovine virus diarrhoea virus.

A two-day-old Simmental calf was admitted suffering from a fracture of the right femur. The radiographs showed striking changes in all bones, evident as alter-noting zones of dense and less dense tissue (bone-in-bone) in the right femur and striped densities in the vertebral bodies. A stainless steel plate was used to repair the fracture, which healed well. The calf developed normally but was diagnosed as persistently infected with bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD) virus. It was kept in isolation and examined physically and radiographically during the following 13 months. The radiographic changes d

Defect in dorso-ventral patterning, asplenia, and conotruncus in a spontaneously aborted fetus.

We describe a very unusual combination, and previously unreported, of malformations in an 18-week, spontaneously aborted male fetus. The fetus had a reversed dorsoventral positioning of the head and upper limbs relative to the body axis with the head and both upper limbs directed dorsally, and an abrupt rotation of the vertebral bones at the level of CZ The fetus also had asplenia, single ventricle, and conotruncus. The fetus also had flexion deformities at the wrist, reduction deformity of the left second digit, anomalies in ossification of the bones of the left hand, and bilateral talipes ca

Bilateral meningiomatous lesions of the spinal accessory nerves.

BACKGROUND: Meningiomas arising from cranial nerves with no dural attachment are exceedingly rare. The authors present a patient with bilateral meningiomatous lesions originating symmetrically from both spinal accessory nerves. CASE REPORT: A 61-year old woman presented with a one-year history of spinal ataxia and minimal left-sided motor impairment. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated two extrinsic lesions dorsolaterally of the medulla. Surgical exposure via a midline suboccipital approach with C1 laminectomy revealed the lesions arising from the spinal accessory nerves and in direct con

Disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (DMAC) in an immunocompetent adult.

A female patient with multiple osteomyelitis and pulmonary Mycobacterium avium disease visited an orthopaedic clinic with back pain. Systemic bone scan showed multiple sites of increased radioactivity in the vertebral bodies, right scapula, femurs and ribs. M. avium was isolated from sputum and a sample aspirated from the right scapula. The route of infection was unknown as there was no history of trauma or surgery. HIV testing was negative. As there was no underlying immunological disease she was diagnosed as disseminated M. avium complex (DMAC) disease in an immunocompetent adult. Cytokine p

[Spinal contusion after trauma to the cervical spine--relevance of the sagittal diameter of the spinal canal].

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between spinal stenosis and cervical myelopathy. Furthermore it was to investigate whether there is a correlation between spinal stenosis and progression of neurologic symptoms? PATIENTS AND METHODS: Using the Pavlov ratio method, we compared 14 patients with a contusio spinalis with 14 patients who suffered from a distortion of the cervical spine. This ratio is calculated by the sagittal diameter of the spinal canal with the anteroposterior width of the vertebral body. RESULTS: In eight patients with a contusio spinalis, the…

Light chain deposition disease in multiple myeloma: MR imaging features correlated with histopathological findings.

The clinical, histopathological, and imaging findings on MRI of a 56-year-old woman with light chain deposition disease occurring in multiple myeloma are presented. Light chain deposition disease is a variant of multiple myeloma with distinct clinical and histological characteristics. MRI of this patient also revealed an infiltration pattern in the bone marrow distinct from that of typical multiple myeloma. Multiple small foci of low signal intensity were present on T1- and T2-weighted spin echo and STIR images, corresponding to conglomerates of light chains in bone marrow biopsy. Contrast-enh

[Imaging of the normal skeletal system with 18F Na-PET compared with conventional skeletal scintigraphy using Tc99m-MDP].

PURPOSE: We evaluated the feasibility of 18 Fluoride Positron Emission Tomography (18F-PET), investigated the characteristics appearance of bony structures, and compared the quality of 18F-PET images with conventional bone scans (BS). METHOD: 18F-PET scans were performed in 59 patients additional to conventional bone scintigraphy. RESULTS: Even very small details in the spine like the spinous and transverse processes were clearly visible with 18F-PET. Only half of these structures were visualised with BS. When visualising the vertebral bodies of the first rib from the clavicles and the twelf

SPONASTRIME dysplasia: report on a female patient with severe skeletal changes.

We report on a 6-year-old girl with SPONASTRIME dysplasia, characterized by short-limbed dwarfism, a relatively large head, midfacial hypoplasia, a saddle nose, moderate deformities of the vertebral bodies, striated metaphyses, and normal intelligence. She showed severe skeletal changes including marked delay of epiphyseal ossification, evident metaphyseal dysplasia, and osteopathia striata more pronounced than in most of the previously reported patients with this disorder. The patient we describe and a male patient reported by Camera et al. [1994: Pediatr Radiol 24:322-324] are likely to repr

Spinal fixation. Part 1. Principles, basic hardware, and fixation techniques for the cervical spine.

Spinal fixation devices provide stability and restore anatomic alignment in the treatment of fractures, degenerative disease, infection, and … osition and alignment and to prevent motion as the spine fuses. Plates and rods are attached to the vertebral body or posterior elements with wire, screws, and hooks. Screws and wire can also be used alone as a means of fixation. Surgical techniques and instrumentation have advanced in recent years, and radiologists are exposed to a myriad of devices. They need …

The Filcard temporary, removable vena cava filter: use in local thrombolytic therapy.

Femoral and iliac vein thrombosis with impending pulmonary embolism is a potentially life-threatening condition. The decision whether or not to implant a permanent caval filter always requires critical consideration of a number of factors. Improper positioning of the filter with resultant filtering inefficiency, thrombosis of the filter and of the cava, propagation of the thrombus through the filter, perforation by the filter of the vena cava with penetration of the aorta, the duodenum, the psoas muscle or the vertebral body, fragmentation of the filter and migration of the filter are well-doc…