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Interventions for tobacco use cessation in people in treatment for or recovery from substance use disorders.

BACKGROUND: Smoking rates in people with alcohol and other drug dependencies are two to four times those of the general population. Concurrent treatment of tobacco dependence has been limited due to concern that these interventions are not successful in this population or that recovery from other addictions could be compromised if tobacco cessation was combined with other drug dependency treatment. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether interventions for tobacco cessation are associated with tobacco abstinence for people in concurrent treatment for or in recovery from alcohol and other drug dependen

Prosthesis-Based 3D Guide System for Maxillary Implant Placement: A Feasibility Study Using a Split-Mouth Evaluation.

Background/Objectives: To evaluate the clinical feasibility and short-term radiographic outcomes of adapting a prosthesis-based guide system originally developed for single-implant placement for multi-implant placement in the edentulous maxilla, and to compare implant-level marginal bone change from prosthetic loading to one year between full-rough (IBT/IBNT/IBR) and hybrid-surface (MSC-IBT/MSC-IBNT) implants in a split-mouth design. Patient-reported outcomes were assessed with the OHIP-14 questionnaire. Methods: Fifteen patients with an edentulous maxilla received four or five maxillary impla

Impacts of EU Tobacco Products Directive regulations on use of e-cigarettes in adolescents in Great Britain: a natural experiment evaluation.

BACKGROUND: E-cigarettes are a popular smoking-cessation tool. Although less harmful than tobacco, use of e-cigarettes by non-smokers should be prevented. There is concern about the use of e-cigarettes by young people and that e-cigarettes may renormalise smoking. In May 2016, Tobacco Products Directive regulations aimed to reduce e-cigarettes' appeal to young people. AIMS: To examine the effects of the Tobacco Products Directive regulations on young people's use of e-cigarettes, and the role of e-cigarettes in renormalising smoking. DESIGN: A mixed-method natural experimental evaluation com…

Chronic Low Back Pain Causal Risk Factors Identified by Mendelian Randomization: a Cross-Sectional Cohort Analysis.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: There are a number of risk factors- from biological, psychological, and social domains- for non-specific chronic low back pain (cLBP). Many cLBP treatments target risk factors on the assumption that the targeted factor is not just associated with cLBP but is also a cause (i.e, a causal risk factor). In most cases this is a strong assumption, primarily due to the possibility of confounding variables. False assumptions about the causal relationships between risk factors and cLBP likely contribute to the generally marginal results from cLBP treatments. PURPOSE: The objectives

Pituitary apoplexy can mimic acute meningoencephalitis or subarachnoid haemorrhage.

Pituitary apoplexy is an uncommon but life-threatening condition that is often overlooked and underdiagnosed. We report a 45-year-old man who presented to our emergency department with a sudden onset headache, acute confusion, signs of meningeal irritation and ophthalmoplegia. An initial diagnosis of acute meningoencephalitis was made, which was amended to pituitary apoplexy following thorough investigation within the emergency department.A 45-year-old man was brought to our emergency department by ambulance with a history of sudden onset of frontal headache and acute confusion. His wife provi

Does the molecular and metabolic profile of human granulosa cells correlate with oocyte fate? New insights by Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy analysis.

STUDY QUESTION: Does the molecular and metabolic profile of human mural granulosa cells (GCs) correlate with oocyte fate? SUMMARY ANSWER: A … TING, METHODS: Patients were selected according to the following inclusion criteria: age <40 years; non-smokers; no ovarian infertility diagnosis (only tubal, idiopathic and male infertility); regular ovulatory menstrual cycles (25-30 days) with FSH < 10 IU/I on Day 3 of the menstrual cycle; sperm sample with a total motility count after treatment ≥300.000; n …

[Evaluation of therapy efficiency in patients with combined course of copd and osteoarthritis].

INTRODUCTION: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease that is characterized by chronic airflow limitation, a variety of pathological changes in the lungs, significant extrapulmonary manifestations, and severe comorbidities which may further aggravate the course of COPD [GOLD, 2013]. Intensity of systemic manifestations increases with the progression of obstruction, therefore the abovementioned symptoms are often overlooked and become apparent in the later stages of the disease. Systemic manifestations impair the quality of life, lead to early disability and significantly cont

[Cardiovascular risk factors and prevention in women: similarities and differences].

Epidemiological evidence shows that among women, the incidence of all, including less severe, coronary events is still increasing. However, … r, the risk starts to decrease immediately after stopping and after 3-5 years is similar to that of non-smokers. In women, the association between hypertension, coronary artery disease and early mortality is stronger than in men: there is no threshold below which the risk disappears. Diet and lifestyle strongly influence the development of hypertension. For t …

Cytological and molecular aspects of the ageing sperm.

STUDY QUESTION: Is ageing associated with a decline in semen quality and molecular changes to human sperm? SUMMARY ANSWER: Semen quality de … semen samples from 40 elderly men (50-81 years) and 40 young men (20-40 years) (control group), all non-smokers of normal weight, were selected for the evaluation of sperm chromatin integrity, PRM1, PRM2, TNP1 and TNP2 gene expression, and microRNA expression profile in seminal plasma. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Semen was analysed according to …

Radioiodine therapy versus antithyroid medications for Graves' disease.

BACKGROUND: Graves' disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. Both antithyroid medications and radioiodine are commonly used treatments but their frequency of use varies between regions and countries. Despite the commonness of the diagnosis, any possible differences between the two treatments with respect to long-term outcomes remain unknown. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of radioiodine therapy versus antithyroid medications for Graves' disease. SEARCH METHODS: We performed a systematic literature search in the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE and EMBASE and the trials registers ICTR

[Exogenous re-infection in tuberculosis].

Patients infected by tuberculosis (TB) had been thought to never experience exogenous re-infection. However, exogenous re-infection in HIV-positive patients is well known. Thanks to the introduction of histopathological examination, analysis of similarities in drug-resistance patterns and epidemiological surveys of genetic phage typing for TB infection, we have begun to understand that even people with a normal immune system can experience re-infection. Recent advances in the techniques of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and spoligotyping allow determination of similarities in

Smoking cessation for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): an evidence-based analysis.

UNLABELLED: In July 2010, the Medical Advisory Secretariat (MAS) began work on a Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) evidentiary framework, an evidence-based review of the literature surrounding treatment strategies for patients with COPD. This project emerged from a request by the Health System Strategy Division of the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care that MAS provide them with an evidentiary platform on the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of COPD interventions. After an initial review of health technology assessments and systematic reviews of COPD literature, and consultat

[Efficacy comparison among high risk factors questionnaire and Asia-Pacific colorectal screening score and their combinations with fecal immunochemical test in screening advanced colorectal tumor].

Objective: To investigate the effects of high risk factors questionnaire (HRFQ), Asia-Pacific colorectal screening (APCS) score and their co … ves suffering from colorectal cancer; (4) smoking: 1 point for current or past smoking, 0 point for non-smokers. The population was divided into low-risk (0-1 point), intermediate-risk (2-3 points), and high-risk (4-7 points). Those who were assessed as high risk by APCS were recorded as "APCS (+)", and those with intermediate and low risk were recorded as "A …

Reproductive outcomes following recurrent first-trimester miscarriage: a retrospective cohort study.

STUDY QUESTION: What are the subsequent reproductive outcomes (livebirths, miscarriages or other adverse pregnancy outcomes or no further pregnancy) of women with recurrent miscarriage (RM) attending a dedicated clinic? SUMMARY ANSWER: Of women with RM, 77% had a subsequent pregnancy, and among these pregnancies, the livebirth rate was 63%. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: RM affects ∼1-3% of women of reproductive age. RM has known associations with advanced maternal age, obesity, diabetes, inherited thrombophilias, thyroid dysfunction, endometriosis and parental balanced translocations. However, ∼ 50

Motivational interviewing for smoking cessation.

BACKGROUND: Motivational Interviewing (MI) is a directive patient-centred style of counselling, designed to help people to explore and resolve ambivalence about behaviour change. It was developed as a treatment for alcohol abuse, but may help people to a make a successful attempt to stop smoking. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of MI for smoking cessation compared with no treatment, in addition to another form of smoking cessation treatment, and compared with other types of smoking cessation treatment. We also investigated whether more intensive MI is more effective than less intensive M

Nutrition, growth, and allergic diseases among very preterm infants after hospital discharge.

The aims of this PhD thesis were: 1. Primarily to investigate the effect, of adding human milk fortifier to mother's milk while breastfeedin … ared to mothers in lower social groups and mothers who smoked, mothers in higher social groups and "non-smokers" were significantly (p = 0.000 and p = 0.003 respectively) more often breastfeeding their very preterm infants at discharge. Single birth infants tended more often to be breastfed (p = 0.09). Infant age at discharge and duration of hospitalization d …

Persistent (patent) foramen ovale (PFO): implications for safe diving.

Diving medicine is a peculiar specialty. There are physicians and scientists from a wide variety of disciplines with an interest in diving and who all practice 'diving medicine': the study of the complex whole-body physiological changes and interactions upon immersion and emersion. To understand these, the science of physics and molecular gas and fluid movements comes into play. The ultimate goal of practicing diving medicine is to preserve the diver's health, both during and after the dive. Good medicine starts with prevention. For most divers, underwater excursions are not a professional nec

Effects of exercise training alone vs a combined exercise and nutritional lifestyle intervention on glucose homeostasis in prediabetic individuals: a randomised controlled trial.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Although the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) established lifestyle changes (diet, exercise and weight loss) as the 'gold … OGTT as the major secondary outcome. METHODS: The trial was a parallel clinical trial. Sedentary, non-smokers who were 45-75 year old adults (n = 237) with elevated fasting glucose (5.28-6.94 mmol/l) but without cardiovascular disease, uncontrolled hypertension, or diabetes, from the Durham area, were studied at Duke University. They were randomised into on …

Dietary acrylamide intake and the risk of lymphatic malignancies: the Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer.

BackgroundAcrylamide, a probable human carcinogen, is present in many everyday foods. Since the finding of its presence in foods in 2002, epidemiological studies have found some suggestive associations between dietary acrylamide exposure and the risk of various cancers. The aim of this prospective study is to investigate for the first time the association between dietary acrylamide intake and the risk of several histological subtypes of lymphatic malignancies.MethodsThe Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer includes 120,852 men and women followed-up since September 1986. The number of pe

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… Smokers have on average three to four times higher levels of acrylamide-hemoglobin adducts (which is a marker of internal dose of acrylamide) than non-smokers. [30] . To preclude confounding through the exposure of cigarette smoke, subgroup analyses were performed for never-smokers. … For multiple myeloma, there was an increased HR for the continuous acrylamide variable in all men (smokers and non-smokers combined) (HR per 10 µg acrylamide/day: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.27), and a trend across the quintiles of acrylamide intake ( p for trend = 0.02). …

Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration.

BACKGROUND: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a degenerative condition of the back of the eye that occurs in people over the age of 50 years. Antioxidants may prevent cellular damage in the retina by reacting with free radicals that are produced in the process of light absorption. Higher dietary levels of antioxidant vitamins and minerals may reduce the risk of progression of AMD. This is the third update of the review. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements on the progression of AMD in people with AMD. SEARCH METHODS: We searched CENTRAL, ME