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Undiagnosed Pheochromocytoma Simulating Malignant Hyperthermia.

INTRODUCTION: Pheochromocytomas are rare catecholamine-producing neuroendocrine tumors. They are surgically curable but can be lethal if remain undiagnosed. We report a patient earlier diagnosed with malignant hyperthermia but later found to have pheochromocytoma on autopsy. CASE REPORT: After a preprocedural pain block for elective right shoulder arthroscopy, a 53-year-old hypertensive white man developed chest pain. In the operating room, he had increased blood pressure. Postoperatively, his blood pressures dropped from 220/100 to 80/30 mm Hg. He later developed high fever with core tempera

Controlled human infections: A report from the controlled human infection models workshop, Leiden University Medical Centre 4-6 May 2016.

The principle of deliberately infecting humans with infectious agents in a controlled setting, so-called controlled human infections (CHI), is not novel. Many CHI models have a long history and were established decades ago such as the intentional exposure to yellow fever and dengue performed in the 1900's (Reed, 1902) [2]. In these times bioethics and scientific reasoning were in their infancy. Nowadays, clinical trials are highly regulated and CHI are executed worldwide. Controlled human malaria infections and influenza infections are the two most frequently practiced. Others are experiencing…

The WHO AFRO external quality assessment programme (EQAP): Linking laboratory networks through EQA programmes.

External Quality Assessment (EQA) surveys performed by the World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa (WHO AFRO) revealed the need … and should not be stand-alone, but integrated within laboratory networks as seen in polio, measles, yellow fever and rubella. In 2015, WHO AFRO collaborated with the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and partners in a series of consultations with countries and national and regional EQA providers for …

Zika Virus Disease.

The Zika virus is an arbovirus belonging to the virus family Flaviviridae. The virus was isolated in 1947 from a rhesus monkey in the Zika F … xposure and breast milk. Differential diagnosis is very important as some other arboviruses such as yellow fever virus, West Nile virus, dengue virus, and chikungunya virus have similar clinical manifestations to the Zika virus infection as well as relating serologically to some of these viruses. Established laboratory diagnostic tests to detect the Zika virus …

Pyrethroid-resistance and presence of two knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations, F1534C and a novel mutation T1520I, in Indian Aedes aegypti.

BACKGROUND: Control of Aedes aegypti, the mosquito vector of dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever, is a challenging task. Pyrethroid insecticides have emerged as a preferred choice for vector control but are threatened by the emergence of resistance. The present study reports a focus of pyrethroid resistance and presence of two kdr mutations--F1534C and a novel mutation T1520I, in Ae. aegypti from Delhi, India. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Insecticide susceptibility status of adult-female Ae. aegypti against DDT (4%), deltamethrin (0.05%) and permethrin (0.75%) was determined using WHO's s…

Construction of self-replicating subgenomic dengue virus 4 (DENV4) replicon.

Dengue virus serotypes 1-4 are members of mosquito-borne flavivirus genus of Flaviviridae family that encode one long open reading frame (ORF) that is translated to a polyprotein. Both host and virally encoded proteases function in the processing of the polyprotein by co-translational and posttranslational mechanisms to yield 10 mature proteins prior to viral RNA replication. To study cis- and trans-acting factors involved in viral RNA replication, many groups [1-8] have constructed cDNAs encoding West Nile virus (WNV), DENV, or yellow fever virus reporter replicon RNAs. The replicon plasmids …

Assurance of neuroattenuation of a live vaccine against West Nile virus: a comprehensive study of neuropathogenesis after infection with chimeric WN/DEN4Δ30 vaccine in comparison to two parental viruses and a surrogate flavivirus reference vaccine.

The upsurge of West Nile virus (WNV) human infections in 2012 suggests that the US can expect periodic WNV outbreaks in the future. Availabi … (i.e., WNV and DEN4Δ30), as well as to that of an attenuated flavivirus surrogate reference (i.e., yellow fever YF 17D). Clinical and virological data, as well as results of a semi-quantitative histopathological analysis, demonstrated that WN/DEN4Δ30 vaccine is highly attenuated for the central nervous system (CNS) of NHPs in comparison to a wild type WNV. Im …

Proteomic biomarkers for ageing the mosquito Aedes aegypti to determine risk of pathogen transmission.

Biomarkers of the age of mosquitoes are required to determine the risk of transmission of various pathogens as each pathogen undergoes a period of extrinsic incubation in the mosquito host. Using the 2-D Difference Gel Electrophoresis (2-D DIGE) procedure, we investigated the abundance of up to 898 proteins from the Yellow Fever and dengue virus vector, Aedes aegypti, during ageing. By applying a mixed-effects model of protein expression, we identified five common patterns of abundance change during ageing and demonstrated an age-related decrease in variance for four of these. This supported a…

UV light and urban pollution: bad cocktail for mosquitoes?

Mosquito breeding sites consist of water pools, which can either be large open areas or highly covered ponds with vegetation, thus with diff … n with two major PAH pollutants (fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene) on a laboratory population of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti. To evaluate the effects of PAH exposure and low energetic UV (UV-A) irradiation on mosquitoes, different parameters were measured including: (1) The PAH localization and its impact on cell mortality by fluorescent microscopy; …

Cooler temperatures destabilize RNA interference and increase susceptibility of disease vector mosquitoes to viral infection.

BACKGROUND: The impact of global climate change on the transmission dynamics of infectious diseases is the subject of extensive debate. The … er temperatures also predisposed mosquitoes to higher levels of infection with both chikungunya and yellow fever viruses. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This data suggest that microclimates, such as those present in mosquito breeding sites, as well as more general climactic variables may influence the dynamics of mosquito-borne viral diseases by affecting the anti …

Expression profile of genes during resistance reversal in a temephos selected strain of the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti.

BACKGROUND: The mosquito Aedes aegypti is one of the most important disease vectors because it transmits two major arboviruses, dengue and yellow fever, which cause significant global morbidity and mortality. Chemical insecticides form the cornerstone of vector control. The organophosphate temephos a larvicide recommended by WHO for controlling Ae. aegypti, however, resistance to this compound has been reported in many countries, including Brazil. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The aim of this study was to identify genes implicated in metabolic resistance in an Ae. aegypti temephos resistant…

Phase II, dose ranging study of the safety and immunogenicity of single dose West Nile vaccine in healthy adults ≥ 50 years of age.

INTRODUCTION: ChimeriVax-WN02 is a live, attenuated chimeric vaccine for protection against West Nile virus (WNV) produced by insertion of the genes encoding the pre-membrane (prM) and envelope (E) proteins of WNV (strain NY99) into the yellow fever 7D vaccine virus. This Phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center study in the US assessed the immunogenicity, viremia, and safety of the ChimeriVax-WN02 vaccine. METHODS: The study included adults in general good health. Subjects aged ≥ 50 years were randomized to one of four treatment groups: ChimeriVax-WN02 4 × 10(3) p…

Antioxidant activities of the leaves of Chrysophyllum albidum G.

Chrysophyllum albidum G. is a tropical plant and commonly found in Nigeria. It belongs to the sapotaceae family and used in folklore in the treatment of yellow fever, malaria, diarrhea, vaginal and dermatological infections. The study was aimed at investigating the antioxidant properties of this plant by employing the in vitro and in vivo experimental models. The effect of DPPH free radical scavenging activity on the fractions of petroleum ether, ethanol, butanol, ethylacetate, and water of C. albidum was determined. The ethyl acetate fraction was purified in column chromatography to obtain my…

A thiopurine drug inhibits West Nile virus production in cell culture, but not in mice.

Many viruses within the Flavivirus genus cause significant disease in humans; however, effective antivirals against these viruses are not currently available. We have previously shown that a thiopurine drug, 6-methylmercaptopurine riboside (6MMPr), inhibits replication of distantly related viruses within the Flaviviridae family in cell culture, including bovine viral diarrhea virus and hepatitis C virus replicon. Here we further examined the potential antiviral effect of 6MMPr on several diverse flaviviruses. In cell culture, 6MMPr inhibited virus production of yellow fever virus, dengue virus…

Biochemical evidence of efficacy of potash alum for the control of dengue vector Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus).

Aedes aegypti is the primary vector of dengue, yellow fever and chikungunya in India and other South East Asian countries, and novel insecticides for vector control are urgently needed. In the present investigation, efficacy of potash alum, a traditionally known double salt in Indian and Chinese medicine system, was tested against the larvae of dengue vector, A. aegypti. LC(50,) LC(90) and LC(99) values were recorded for various instar larvae where I instar larvae were found to be the most susceptible and IV instar larvae as the least susceptible one. The LC(50) values of crude and standard po…

Флавивирусная политрансфераза РНК: структура, функция и ингибиция.

Многие флавивирусы являются значительными человеческими патогенами. Плюс-стренд геном РНК флавивируса содержит 5-футовую конструкцию верхнего предела 1 (m(7)GpppAmG). Флавивирус кодирует одну метилтрансферазу (MTase), расположенную на N-терминальной части NS5 в зависимости от RNA полимеразы (RdRp). В этой связи мы рассматриваем последние достижения в нашем понимании механизмов пальца и последствий для развития наркотиков. NS5 MTase катализирует как гунанин N7 и рибоза 2-OH метилации во время формирования вирусных колпаков. Репрезентативный флавирус MTases, от денге, желтой лихорадки и вируса З

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Many flaviviruses are significant human pathogens. The plus-strand RNA genome of a flavivirus contains a 5' terminal cap 1 structure (m(7)Gp … ibose 2'-OH methylations during viral cap formation. Representative flavivirus MTases, from dengue, yellow fever, and West Nile virus (WNV), sequentially generate GpppA → m(7)GpppA → m(7)GpppAm. Despite the existence of two distinct methylation activities, the crystal structures of flavivirus MTases showed a single binding site for S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM …

Inhibition of dengue virus by an ester prodrug of an adenosine analog.

Dengue virus (DENV) is the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral pathogen that infects humans. Neither a vaccine nor an antiviral therapy is c … a by 30-fold. Antiviral spectrum analysis showed that NITD203 inhibited various flaviviruses (DENV, yellow fever virus, and West Nile virus) and hepatitis C virus but not Chikungunya virus (an alphavirus). Mode-of-action analysis, using a luciferase-reporting replicon, indicated that NITD203 inhibited DENV RNA synthesis. Although NITD203 exhibited potent in vi …

[Seroimmunological studies by Dr Hideyo Noguchi - introduction and illustration of his seroimmunological research, with a connection to recent seroimmunology].

Dr. Hideyo Noguchi (Noguchi) is the most well-known scientist in Japanese history because of his eventful life and research on syphilis and yellow fever; however, details of his scientific research, especially in the seroimmunological field, performed in the USA have not been recognized. More than 200 papers were published, mostly in English, and about half of them were published in J. Exp. Medicine. Arbitrary evaluation was performed of his research, recognizing the value of his seroimmunological studies. In this lecture, the background at that time and a small part of the contents of 10 pape…

Travel health knowledge, attitudes and practices among United States travelers.

BACKGROUND: Large numbers of United States residents travel each year to countries where malaria, hepatitis A, hepatitis B and other vaccine … vaccinated for their journey: 11% for tetanus, 14% for hepatitis A, 13% for hepatitis B, and 5% for yellow fever. DISCUSSION: This airport survey demonstrated important shortcomings in the travel health KAP of international travelers. A substantial proportion of the travelers were not adequately protected against malaria, hepatitis A or hepatitis B. Future ef …

Japanese encephalitis vaccines: current vaccines and future prospects.

Vaccination against JE ideally should be practiced in all areas of Asia where the virus is responsible for human disease. The WHO has placed … lly defined. A new live attenuated vaccine (ChimeriVax-JE) that uses a reliable flavivirus vaccine--yellow fever 17D--as a live vector for the envelope genes of SA14-14-2 virus is in early clinical trials and appears to be well tolerated and immunogenic after a single dose. Vaccinia and avipox vectored vaccines have also been tested clinically, but are no long …