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Obesity, the Adipose Organ and Cancer in Humans: Association or Causation?

Epidemiological observations, experimental studies and clinical data show that obesity is associated with a higher risk of developing different types of cancer; however, proof of a cause-effect relationship that meets the causality criteria is still lacking. Several data suggest that the adipose organ could be the protagonist in this crosstalk. In particular, the adipose tissue (AT) alterations occurring in obesity parallel some tumour behaviours, such as their theoretically unlimited expandability, infiltration capacity, angiogenesis regulation, local and systemic inflammation and changes to

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… Both the macroenvironment and microenvironment contribute to the inflammatory process that characterizes cancer-associated cachexia [ 158 ], and the adipose organ plays a critical role by increasing lipid catabolism and mobilization concomitantly with a decreased lipid uptake through lipoprotein lipase …

Cannabidiol (CBD) in Cancer Management.

The plant Cannabis sativa has been in use medicinally for several thousand years. It has over 540 metabolites thought to be responsible for its therapeutic effects. Two of the key phytocannabinoids are cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Unlike THC, CBD does not have potentially intoxicating effects. Preclinical and clinical research indicates that CBD has a wide range of therapeutic effects, and many of them are relevant to the management of cancer. In this article, we explore some of the potential mechanisms of action of CBD in cancer, and evidence of its efficacy in the integr

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… endocannabinoid system (ECS): (1) lipid-derived endocannabinoids (the two main ones are N-arachidonylethanolamine or anandamide (abbreviated AEA] and 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG)), but there are others), the enzymes that synthesise and degrade them (fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH] and mono acyl glycerol lipase …

Potential Adverse Effects of Dexamethasone Therapy on COVID-19 Patients: Review and Recommendations.

In the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the global healthcare community has raced to find effective therapeutic agents against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To date, dexamethasone is the first and an important therapeutic to significantly reduce the risk of death in COVID-19 patients with severe disease. Due to powerful anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects, dexamethasone could attenuate SARS-CoV-2-induced uncontrolled cytokine storm, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome and lung injury. Nevertheless, dexamethasone tre

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… Calcium-dependent proteases, triggered by increased glutamate-mediated transmission, could cause degeneration of cytoskeletal proteins and lipases, possibly generating free radicals [ 140 ], which leads to neuronal damage and depression [ 141 ]. …

Complication from Desensitization

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… The adverse effects included nausea, abdominal pain with normal amylase and lipase, itching, fatigue, blurred vision, anemia, thrombocytopenia, liver function test abnormalities 1.5 or less normal, elevated blood pressures, and minimal infusion-related reactions to IVIg + TCZ. …

A year in pharmacology: new drugs approved by the US food and drug administration in 2025.

The US Food and Drug Administration approved 45 new drugs and 4 new cellular and gene therapy products in 2025, that is, a total of 49 new medical therapies. Oncology, hematology/immunotherapy, and cardiovascular/respiratory drugs remain most frequent. Among oncology drugs, there is a trend for targeting ever smaller subtypes of malignancies and/or rarer malignancies. Trends over the past 6 years include steady levels of first-in-indication (about 10%), first-in-class (about 38%), and next-in-class (about 51%) approvals. Along with a large share of approvals in orphan indications (> 50%), fast

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… Silencing apoC-III relieves inhibition of lipoprotein lipase and enhances hepatic clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, resulting in sustained reductions in triglycerides, very-low-density lipoprotein, and chylomicrons. …

Emerging Targets in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Lung cancer is responsible for a high burden of disease globally. Over the last two decades, the discovery of targetable oncogenic genomic alterations has revolutionized the treatment landscape for early-stage and advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). New molecular drivers continue to emerge as promising therapeutic targets, including KRAS non-G12C, RAF/MEK, HER3, Nectin-4, folate receptor alpha, ITGB6, and PRMT5. In this review, we summarize the emerging molecular targets with a potential clinical impact in advanced NSCLC, elaborating on their clinical characteristics and specific mech

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… A third of the patients experienced a TRAE of grade 3 or higher, including hypercholesterolemia, increased lipase, and anemia. No treatment discontinuations or deaths due to TRAEs were reported. …

Current Advancement of Immunomodulatory Drugs as Potential Pharmacotherapies for Autoimmunity Based Neurological Diseases.

Dramatic advancement has been made in recent decades to understand the basis of autoimmunity-mediated neurological diseases. These diseases create a strong influence on the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), leading to various clinical manifestations and numerous symptoms. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most prevalent autoimmune neurological disease while NMO spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is less common. Furthermore, evidence supports the presence of autoimmune mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which is a neurodeg

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… Moreover, with the constant release of extracellular enzymes (lipases, proteases, etc.) and toxic metabolites, brain atrophy and destruction of neuronal cells were observed. …

Drug Repurposing for the Management of Depression: Where Do We Stand Currently?

A slow rate of new drug discovery and higher costs of new drug development attracted the attention of scientists and physicians for the repurposing and repositioning of old medications. Experimental studies and off-label use of drugs have helped drive data for further studies of approving these medications. A deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of depression encourages novel discoveries through drug repurposing and drug repositioning to treat depression. In addition to reducing neurotransmitters like epinephrine and serotonin, other mechanisms such as inflammation, insufficient blood supp

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… creatinine, cough, fever, upper respiratory tract infection | Severe hepatic impairment Zinc Galzin ® , Wilzin ® [ 96 ] | Wilson disease | Induces production of the copper-binding protein metallothionein in enterocytes/Chelating agent | NA | Gastric irritation increased serum amylase, increased serum lipase …

A malignant symbiosis: The neuro-metabolic symphony rewires the tumor microenvironment.

Emerging evidence in cancer neuroscience has established a reciprocal bidirectional loop between neural signaling and tumor metabolism as a central driver of malignant progression. This review critically evaluates bidirectional neuro-metabolic symbiosis and its profound implications for overcoming treatment refractoriness. We first analyzed the anterograde mechanism, in which peripheral nerve terminals and systemic endocrine factors impose distinct metabolic dependencies on malignant and stromal cell populations. By forcing alterations in nutrient utilization pathways, these neural cues create

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… Breast cancer cells utilize the EPI-USP22-ATGL lipolytic axis to accelerate lipolysis by deubiquitinating and stabilizing adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), thereby providing an abundance of free fatty acids to support tumor invasion and metastasis [ 19 ]. …

Host impairments in patients with neoplastic diseases.

Healthy individuals possess an immune system comprising physical barriers, innate and acquired immunity as well as the indigenous microflora that populate the body surfaces. The immune system maintains constant vigilance over the body at the cellular level as well as at the interface between the host integument and the resident microflora. However, neoplastic diseases and their treatment often lead to impaired immunity resulting in an increased risk of infections due to viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. This chapter explores the various aspects of host impairment focusing on the componen

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… Moreover, in this lipid-rich environment, only those microorganisms that elaborate lipases are capable of acquiring carbon from these lipids. …

Epi-Immunotherapy in Cancer Treatment: Mechanisms, Clinical Progress, and Future Directions.

Cancer immunotherapy is a groundbreaking therapeutic strategy, yet it continues to face significant challenges, including limited overall response rates and treatment resistance. Emerging research has demonstrated the pivotal role of epigenetic modifications in tumor immune evasion, providing a strong rationale for developing "epi-immunotherapy"-an innovative approach that combines epigenetic therapy with immunotherapy. This comprehensive review systematically examines how epigenetic regulation mediates tumor immune escape and the mechanisms involved, including suppression of tumor antigen exp

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… The treatment demonstrated good tolerability, with asymptomatic neutropenia (38.1%) being the primary adverse event associated with guadecitabine, and asymptomatic lipase elevation (11.9%) with durvalumab. …

A review on gold nanoparticles as an innovative therapeutic cue in bone tissue engineering: Prospects and future clinical applications.

Bone damage is a complex orthopedic problem primarily caused by trauma, cancer, or bacterial infection of bone tissue. Clinical care management for bone damage remains a significant clinical challenge and there is a growing need for more advanced bone therapy options. Nanotechnology has been widely explored in the field of orthopedic therapy for the treatment of a severe bone disease. Among nanomaterials, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) along with other biomaterials are emerging as a new paradigm for treatment with excellent potential for bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine application

Physiological Role and Use of Thyroid Hormone Metabolites - Potential Utility in COVID-19 Patients.

Thyroxine and triiodothyronine (T3) are classical thyroid hormones and with relatively well-understood actions. In contrast, the physiological role of thyroid hormone metabolites, also circulating in the blood, is less well characterized. These molecules, namely, reverse triiodothyronine, 3,5-diiodothyronine, 3-iodothyronamine, tetraiodoacetic acid and triiodoacetic acid, mediate both agonistic (thyromimetic) and antagonistic actions additional to the effects of the classical thyroid hormones. Here, we provide an overview of the main factors influencing thyroid hormone action, and then go on t

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… The activity of lipoprotein lipase in blood samples is increased by heparin and non-esterized fatty acids are generated during sample storage. These acids displace T3 and T4 from their binding proteins and cause artificially high levels of the free hormones. …

Diagnosis and treatment of type 1 diabetes at the dawn of the personalized medicine era.

Type 1 diabetes affects millions of people globally and requires careful management to avoid serious long-term complications, including heart and kidney disease, stroke, and loss of sight. The type 1 diabetes patient cohort is highly heterogeneous, with individuals presenting with disease at different stages and severities, arising from distinct etiologies, and overlaying varied genetic backgrounds. At present, the "one-size-fits-all" treatment for type 1 diabetes is exogenic insulin substitution therapy, but this approach fails to achieve optimal blood glucose control in many individuals. Wit

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… That said, twenty gene and cell-based gene therapy products have now been licensed for the treatment of human cancers and monogenic disorders “e.g., Neovasculgen (Vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF), Glybera (lipoprotein lipase, LPL S447X gene), Defitelio (single-stranded oligonucleotides-VOD), …

Overhauling CAR T Cells to Improve Efficacy, Safety and Cost.

Gene therapy is now surpassing 30 years of clinical experience and in that time a variety of approaches has been applied for the treatment of a wide range of pathologies. While the promise of gene therapy was over-stated in the 1990's, the following decades were met with polar extremes between demonstrable success and devastating setbacks. Currently, the field of gene therapy is enjoying the rewards of overcoming the hurdles that come with turning new ideas into safe and reliable treatments, including for cancer. Among these modalities, the modification of T cells with chimeric antigen recepto

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… European Union (2012/EMA) | Amsterdam Molecular Therapeutics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands | Glybera *(alipogene tiparvovec) | Adeno-associated virus encoding the Ser(447)X variant of human lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene for the treatment of familial LPL deficiency. …

Googling the Guggul (Commiphora and Boswellia) for Prevention of Chronic Diseases.

Extensive research during last 2 decades has revealed that most drugs discovered today, although costs billions of dollars for discovery, and yet they are highly ineffective in their clinical response. For instance, the European Medicines Agency has approved 68 anti-cancer drugs, and out of which 39 has reached the market level with no indication of increased survival nor betterment of quality of life. Even when drugs did improve survival rate compared to available treatment strategies, most of these were found to be clinically insignificant. This is a fundamental problem with modern drug disc

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… Furthermore, administration of GS resulted in mitigation of histological damage, suppressed serum lipase levels, inhibition of infiltrations of neutrophils, and macrophages and decreased cytokine production in pancreatitis (Kim et al., 2015 ). …

Molecular Inhibitors of Growth Signals

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… Because nilotinib can increase serum Lipase it requires caution in patients with a history of pancreatitis. If Lipase elevations are accompanied by abdominal symptoms, it necessitates dose interruption and diagnostics to exclude pancreatitis. The drug is Pregnancy Category D. …

Application and Challenges of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy in Systemic Rheumatic Diseases and Autoimmune Disorders.

Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy, originally developed for hematologic malignancies, has emerged as a transformative candidate for systemic rheumatic diseases and autoimmune disorders (AIDs). Its unique efficacy in refractory AIDs relies on depleting autoreactive B cells and driving antigen-naïve immune reconstitution, achieving durable drug-free remission in early-phase trials. Despite promising clinical and serological responses lasting 2-5 years without long-term immunosuppression, the field faces unmet needs: complex manufacturing, limited tissue penetration, antigen escape

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… Antidiacylglycerol Lipase‐α Antibody‐Associated Autoimmune Encephalitis Refractory antidiacylglycerol lipase‐α (DAGLA) antibody‐associated autoimmune encephalitis is a CNS inflammatory disorder mediated by autoantibodies targeting neuronal DAGLA, leading to neuroinflammation and functional impairment …

Progress in high-throughput screening for drug and material discovery in orthopedic diseases: a literature review.

Orthopedic diseases are referred to as a series of conditions affecting the normal structure and function of the skeletal system. With a wide variety of types and a year-by-year increasing incidence, they have a severe impact on patients' quality of life. Traditional research has made relatively significant progress in understanding the pathogenesis and treating orthopedic diseases, however, it remains constrained by limitations such as low-throughput experimentation, and difficulty in mimicking the complex bone microenvironment. In recent years, high-throughput screening (HTS) technology has

Potential role of immunotherapy and targeted therapy in the treatment of cancer: A contemporary nursing practice.

Immunotherapy and targeted therapy have emerged as promising therapeutic options for cancer patients. Immunotherapies induce a host immune response that mediates long-lived tumor destruction, while targeted therapies suppress molecular mechanisms that are important for tumor maintenance and growth. In addition, cytotoxic agents and targeted therapies regulate immune responses, which increases the chances that these therapeutic approaches may be efficiently combined with immunotherapy to ameliorate clinical outcomes. Various studies have suggested that combinations of therapies that target diff

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… musculoskeletal pain | [ 42 , 43 ] Dasatinib | Ph + CML | Musculoskeletal pain, nausea, fatigue, dyspnea, hemorrhage, skin rash, headache, diarrhea, fluid retention events, myelosuppression | [ 42 , 44 ] Ponatinib | Chronic phase, accelerated phase, or blast phase CML; Ph + ALL | Increased level of serum lipase …