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Effects of three flavonoids from an ancient traditional Chinese medicine Radix puerariae on geriatric diseases.

As the worldwide population ages, the morbidity of neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and endocrine diseases, such as diabetes and osteoporosis, continues to increase. The etiology of geriatric diseases is complex, involving the interaction of genes and the environment, which makes effective treatment challenging. Traditional Chinese medicine, unlike Western medicine, uses diverse bioactive ingredients to target multiple signaling pathways in geriatric diseases. Radix puerariae is one of the most widely used ancient traditional Chinese medicines and is also consumed as food. T

Prominent Role of Histone Modifications in the Regulation of Tumor Metastasis.

Tumor aggressiveness and progression is highly dependent on the process of metastasis, regulated by the coordinated interplay of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Metastasis involves several steps of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), anoikis resistance, intra- and extravasation, and new tissue colonization. EMT is considered as the most critical process allowing cancer cells to switch their epithelial characteristics and acquire mesenchymal properties. Emerging evidence demonstrates that epigenetics mechanisms, DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs participate

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… HDAC2 enables the motility of breast cancer cells by upregulating Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and N -cadherin and HDAC3 associates with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and c-Src to promote breast cancer cell invasion [ 89 , 90 ]. …

The interrelationship between prostate cancer and osteoporosis: new perspectives on shared molecular pathways and treatment strategies.

Osteoporosis is frequently regarded as a complication associated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in patients with prostate cancer. Nevertheless, a notably higher incidence of osteoporosis has been observed in prostate cancer patients even in the absence of ADT, when compared to age-matched healthy individuals. This phenomenon is likely attributable to the synergistic effects of aging, chronic inflammation, and tumor-related factors, which collectively contribute to accelerated bone loss in this population. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that signaling pathways such as RANKL/RAN

Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells as Living Therapeutics Targeting Senescence and Age-Related Diseases.

The aging of the global population exacerbates the burden of age-related diseases; however, therapies that can intervene in fundamental aging processes are lacking. Senescent cells drive chronic inflammation and multitissue dysfunction through the secretion of proinflammatory and profibrotic senescence-associated secretory phenotype cells, making them emerging therapeutic targets. Although first-generation senolytic drugs have entered clinical trials, they face limitations such as insufficient targeting specificity and transient efficacy. The success of chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR T

Unlocking the potential of CD70 as a novel immunotherapeutic target for non-small cell lung cancer.

Although normally restricted to activated T and B cells and mature dendritic cells, constitutive expression of CD70, a member of the tumor necrosis family, has been described in both hematological and solid tumors, where it increases tumor cell and regulatory T cell survival by signaling through its receptor, CD27.We have assessed the co-expression of CD70 and CD27 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by immunohistochemistry to explore a correlation between expression of the protein and tumor histologic subtype, genetic aberrations and prognosis. Furthermore, we tested the ability of ARGX-110

Contemporary Perspectives on Chronic Renal Disorders.

The prevalence of renal diseases and its associated burden on healthcare have tremendously risen in the past few years. From simple markers assessing kidney function, current renal research delves into understanding the diseases at the cellular and molecular levels and not just at treating, but at improving quality of life, arresting progression and providing personalized diagnostics and therapy. This narrative review highlights the improvements in diagnostic applications of kidney disease and briefly discusses a few notable biomarkers emphasizing the high throughput omics technologies, as wel

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… The development of renal fibrosis in patients with CKD is also linked to a few key urine proteases, such as cathepsin D, matrix metalloproteinase 2, collagenase 3, matrix metalloproteinase‐14, α‐2‐HS‐glycoprotein, and 19 different collagen peptide fragments discovered by Catanese L et al. …

Role of Exosomal Non-Coding RNAs in Bone-Related Diseases.

Bone-related diseases seriously affect the lives of patients and carry a heavy economic burden on society. Treatment methods cannot meet the diverse clinical needs of affected patients. Exosomes participate in the occurrence and development of many diseases through intercellular communication, including bone-related diseases. Studies have shown that exosomes can take-up and "package" non-coding RNAs and "deliver" them to recipient cells, thereby regulating the function of recipient cells. The exosomal non-coding RNAs secreted by osteoblasts, osteoclasts, chondrocytes, and other cells are invol

Epigenetic Modifiers as Novel Therapeutic Targets and a Systematic Review of Clinical Studies Investigating Epigenetic Inhibitors in Head and Neck Cancer.

The survival rate of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients with the current standard of care therapy is suboptimal and is associated with long-term side effects. Novel therapeutics that will improve survival rates while minimizing treatment-related side effects are the focus of active investigation. Epigenetic modifications have been recognized as potential therapeutic targets in various cancer types, including head and neck cancer. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the function of important epigenetic modifiers in head and neck cancer, their clinical implications and di

Alteration of SHP-1/p-STAT3 Signaling: A Potential Target for Anticancer Therapy.

The Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP-1), a non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase, has been reported as a negative regulator of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and linked to tumor development. In this present review, we will discuss the importance and function of SHP-1/p-STAT3 signaling in nonmalignant conditions as well as malignancies, its cross-talk with other pathways, the current clinical development and the potential role of inhibitors of this pathway in anticancer therapy and clinical relevance of SHP

Role of T cells and cytokines in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term autoimmune disease. It causes persistent joint inflammation, aberrant tissue growth, and progressive joint deterioration. T cells have a key role in the onset of RA. They identify and trigger other immune cells, and produce inflammatory signals such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-17 (IL-17), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Prolonged inflammation and tissue damage are caused by an imbalance between regulatory T cells (Tregs) and pro-inflammatory T helper 17 (Th17) cells. Additionally, the condition is exacerbated by uncontrolled cytokine netwo

Indian Ayurvedic medicine: Overview and application to brain cancer.

Ayurveda is the traditional medicine system of India, and has been in practice for millennia. It is a traditional approach that uses 1000's of different plant preparations in various combinations for treatment of human ailments, including cancer. Ethnopharmacological and phytochemical analyses are now elucidating the bioactive constituents of the different plant species and herbal formulations, including ashwagandha, curcumin, guduchi, triphala, and others. To provide an overview of: 1) the ethnopharmacology of Ayurveda and several of its most important plant species and formulations, includin

Exploring the Potential of MicroRNA Let-7c as a Therapeutic for Prostate Cancer.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide and often presents with aberrant microRNA (miRNA) expression. Identifying and understanding the unique expression profiles could aid in the detection and treatment of this disease. This review aims to identify miRNAs as potential therapeutic targets for PCa. Three bio-informatic searches were conducted to identify miRNAs that are reportedly implicated in the pathogenesis of PCa. Only hsa-Lethal-7 (let-7c), recognized for its role in PCa pathogenesis, was common to all three databases. Three further database searches were

Effects and mechanisms of Eps8 on the biological behaviour of malignant tumours (Review).

Epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 8 (Eps8) was initially identified as the substrate for the kinase activity of EGFR, improving the responsiveness of EGF, which is involved in cell mitosis, differentiation and other physiological functions. Numerous studies over the last decade have demonstrated that Eps8 is overexpressed in most ubiquitous malignant tumours and subsequently binds with its receptor to activate multiple signalling pathways. Eps8 not only participates in the regulation of malignant phenotypes, such as tumour proliferation, invasion, metastasis and drug resistanc

NKG2D CAR-T cells for solid tumor immunotherapy: advances, challenges, and future directions.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has achieved significant success in hematologic malignancies, but its efficacy in solid tumors remains limited, primarily due to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) that hinders CAR-T cell trafficking and function. NKG2D CAR-T cells, which target stress-induced NKG2D ligands (NKG2DLs) broadly expressed on tumor cells, have shown promising potential in overcoming the immunosuppressive barriers of the solid TME. This review highlights recent advances in NKG2D CAR-T cell strategies for solid tumors, including innovations in CAR archite

The role of interleukin-17 in inflammation-related cancers.

Emerging evidence indicates a correlation between inflammation and the development and progression of cancer. Among the various inflammatory signals, interleukin-17 (IL-17) family cytokines serve as a critical link between inflammation and cancer. IL-17 is a highly versatile pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a pivotal role in host defense, tissue repair, the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, and cancer progression. During the early stages of tumorigenesis, IL-17 signaling directly promotes the proliferation of tumor cells. Conversely, IL-17 has been shown to exhibit antitumor immunity

An Updated Review on Marine Anticancer Compounds: The Use of Virtual Screening for the Discovery of Small-Molecule Cancer Drugs.

Marine secondary metabolites are a promising source of unexploited drugs that have a wide structural diversity and have shown a variety of biological activities. These compounds are produced in response to the harsh and competitive conditions that occur in the marine environment. Invertebrates are considered to be among the groups with the richest biodiversity. To date, a significant number of marine natural products (MNPs) have been established as antineoplastic drugs. This review gives an overview of MNPs, both in research or clinical stages, from diverse organisms that were reported as bein

Tumor microenvironment and exosomes in brain metastasis: Molecular mechanisms and clinical application.

Metastasis is one of the important biological features of malignant tumors and one of the main factors responsible for poor prognosis. Although the widespread application of newer clinical technologies and their continuous development have significantly improved survival in patients with brain metastases, there is no uniform standard of care. More effective therapeutic measures are therefore needed to improve prognosis. Understanding the mechanisms of tumor cell colonization, growth, and invasion in the central nervous system is of particular importance for the prevention and treatment of brai

Antitumor, Anti-Inflammatory and Antiallergic Effects of Agaricus blazei Mushroom Extract and the Related Medicinal Basidiomycetes Mushrooms, Hericium erinaceus and Grifola frondosa: A Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies.

Since the 1980s, medicinal effects have been documented in scientific studies with the related Basidiomycota mushrooms Agaricus blazei Murill (AbM), Hericium erinaceus (HE) and Grifola frondosa (GF) from Brazilian and Eastern traditional medicine. Special focus has been on their antitumor effects, but the mushrooms' anti-inflammatory and antiallergic properties have also been investigated. The antitumor mechanisms were either direct tumor attack, e.g., apoptosis and metastatic suppression, or indirect defense, e.g., inhibited tumor neovascularization and T helper cell (Th) 1 immune response. T

Anti-Cancer Potential of Cannabinoids, Terpenes, and Flavonoids Present in Cannabis.

In recent years, and even more since its legalization in several jurisdictions, cannabis and the endocannabinoid system have received an increasing amount of interest related to their potential exploitation in clinical settings. Cannabinoids have been suggested and shown to be effective in the treatment of various conditions. In cancer, the endocannabinoid system is altered in numerous types of tumours and can relate to cancer prognosis and disease outcome. Additionally, cannabinoids display anticancer effects in several models by suppressing the proliferation, migration and/or invasion of can

Bisphosphonates in the adjuvant treatment of cancer: experimental evidence and first clinical results. International Bone and Cancer Study Group (IBCG).

Several animal models, as well as a number of cell culture experiments, indicate a prophylactic effect of bisphosphonates in respect of subsequent bone metastasis. Moreover, in preliminary clinical trials involving patients with advanced breast cancer and local or remote metastases, biophosphonates produced a reduction in new skeletal metastases. This overview summarizes and discusses the results of the latest investigations. It opens with a section on the pathophysiology of bone metastasis, which is followed by a report on animal models and first studies of bisphosphonate treatment as a new a