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Head lice are not found on floors in primary school classrooms.

BACKGROUND: The control of head lice is frequently based on perceptions rather than evidence, as illustrated by the belief that vacuuming carpets is an essential component of treating head lice, and the less common practice of application of insecticides to floors as an adjunct to head lice treatment. OBJECTIVE: To 1) evaluate the importance of floors as a source of infection for head lice in primary schools to provide evidence on which to base decisions about the need to treat floors; 2) determine the prevalence of active pediculosis and average intensity of infection in primary school child…

Incidence and time trends for lymphomas, leukemias and myelomas: hypothesis generation. Working Group on the Epidemiology of Hematolymphopoietic Malignancies in Italy.

Epidemiological hypotheses on disease etiology, generated by the observation of geographic distribution and time trends, can be confirmed or … Hodgkin's lymphomas have been observed in populations exposed to phenoxy-acetic acid herbicides, to insecticides and to organic solvents. Some of these exposures, in particular TCDD, which is a contaminant of phenoxy herbicides, DDT and chlorinated solvents, have been reported to alter cell-mediated immunity. The incidence of NHL is also increased among subjec …

Alterations of alveolar macrophage function and level of bronchopulmonary protease inhibitors in O,O,S-trimethyl phosphorothioate-induced lung injury.

O,O,S-Trimethyl phosphorothioate (OOS-TMP), an impurity present in widely used organophosphorus insecticides, has been shown to induce pneumotoxicity after oral administration. To date very little is known about the pathogenesis of the injury. Protease-anti-protease imbalance has been proposed as a mechanism of various lung injuries; thus, the effect of OOS-TMP on alpha 1-protease inhibitor capacity, pulmonary alveolar macrophage (PAM) esterases, cytotoxic activity and on specific esterase inhibitors in the bronchopulmonary lavage fluid and serum were measured. OOS-TMP (20 mg/kg) administered …

Long-term effects of intensive pesticide applications on the aquatic community in orchard drainage ditches near Hamburg, Germany.

The results of an ecological investigation carried out to determine the structure of an aquatic community in orchard drainage ditches were c … ent in great abundance. Herbicides have had little, if any, effect on the floral species diversity. Insecticides have taken the greatest toll on predatory species, while acaricidal compounds have completely eliminated all species of water mite. Only one predatory eugamasid mite species was found in the ditches among a large population of collembolans on the wa …

Чудесный вирусный энцефалит.

Наиболее важными нейтропическими вирусными инфекциями лошади являются артроподовые энцфалитиды. К ним относятся венесуэльский энцефалит (VE), восточный энцефалит (EE) и западный энцефалит (WE), которые встречаются на Американском континенте, и японский энцефалит B, который встречается на Дальнем Востоке. Все вирусы вызывают энцефалит в человеке. С 1969 по 1972 год эпидемия VE произошла в Центральной Америке. В 1971 году эта болезнь была зарегистрирована в Техасе, где она была взята под контроль путем вакцинации уязвимых лошадей с помощью вакцины от вируса и сокращения числа комаров с помощью и

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
The most important neurotropic viral infections of the horse are the arthropod-borne encephalitides. These include Venezuelan encephalitis ( … e horses with an attenuated live virus vaccine and by the reduction of the mosquito population with insecticides sprayed from aircraft. A high titre viraemia occurs with VE virus in the horse and epidemics are maintained by a mosquito/horse cycle; infection of man and other species is incidental. EE and WE have been recognised as separate diseases since 1933 a …

A systematic review of epidemiological models for malaria transmission in Sub-Saharan Africa.

BACKGROUND: Malaria continues to pose a major public health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where more than 95% of global cases and deaths occur. Despite WHO Global Technical Strategy for Malaria (GTS) targeting a 90% reduction in malaria mortality by 2030, progress is hindered by persistent transmission conditions, fragile health systems, and emerging resistance to drugs and insecticides. Epidemiological models are increasingly applied to guide malaria control, yet their diversity and complexity present both opportunities and limitations for policy use. The aim of the proposed systemat…

Evaluating malaria burden in children under-five and intervention outcomes in Tarkwa-Nsuaem municipality.

BACKGROUND: Malaria is a significant public health burden, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite global efforts to reduce malaria incidence, various challenges, including socio-economic disparities, insecticide resistance, and climatic factors, continue to hamper malaria elimination in Ghana. Over the years, several interventions have been implemented to combat malaria. However, the implementation of these malaria interventions and their association with the malaria burden remains unclear. AIM: This study evaluated the epidemiological behaviour of malaria in Tarkwa-Nsuaem Municipality f

Risk of Aedes-borne diseases in and around the Tanzanian seaport of Tanga despite community members being more concerned about malaria.

BACKGROUND: Increased global trade, while beneficial economically, can also increase the spread of vector-borne diseases, particularly those … g standard dippers and tested susceptibility of raised adult Aedes aegypti populations to different insecticides. Adult mosquitoes were collected using BG sentinel traps (daytime) and Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps (night-time). Additionally, more than 200 port users and neighboring residents were surveyed to assess their experiences with and pe …

The effect of novel mosquito bite prevention tools on Anopheles minimus landing and key secondary endpoints: semi-field evaluations in Thailand.

BACKGROUND: The Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) aims to eliminate all human malaria by 2030 and is making substantial progress toward this goal, with malaria increasingly confined to forest foci. These transmission foci are predominantly inhabited by ethnic minorities, local populations, and rural mobile and migrant populations working in mining and agriculture. The recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) on malaria elimination states that small population groups which constitute a large proportion of the malaria transmission reservoir should benefit from targeted strategies to r

High efficacy of chlorfenapyr-based net Interceptor® G2 against pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors from Cameroon.

BACKGROUND: The increasing reports of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides associated with reduced efficacy of pyrethroid-only interventions highlight the urgency of introducing new non-pyrethroid-only control tools. Here, we investigated the performance of piperonyl-butoxide (PBO)-pyrethroid [Permanet 3.0 (P3.0)] and dual active ingredients (AI) nets [Interceptor G2 (IG2): containing pyrethroids and chlorfenapyr and Royal Guard (RG): containing pyrethroids and pyriproxyfen] compared to pyrethroid-only net Royal Sentry (RS) against pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors in Cameroon. METHODS: T…

Biocidal action, characterization, and molecular docking of Mentha piperita (Lamiaceae) leaves extract against Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae.

Mosquitoes are found in tropical and subtropical areas and are the carriers of a variety of diseases that are harmful to people's health. e.g., malaria, filariasis, chikungunya, dengue fever, etc. Although several insecticides are available, however, due to insect resistance and environmental hazards, more eco-friendly chemicals are needed for insect control. So, the current research was planned to explore the prospective of Mentha piperita to be used for the formulation of larvicides against mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. The ethanolic and water extracts of M. piperita leaves were prepared …

Cost-effectiveness of intermittent preventive treatment with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for malaria during pregnancy: an analysis using efficacy results from Uganda and Kenya, and pooled data.

BACKGROUND: Prevention of malaria infection during pregnancy in HIV-negative women currently relies on the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets together with intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP). Increasing sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance in Africa threatens current prevention of malaria during pregnancy. Thus, a replacement for IPTp-SP is urgently needed, especially for locations with high sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance. Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine is a promising candidate. We aimed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of intermi

Trends of Plasmodium falciparum prevalence in two communities of Muheza district North-eastern Tanzania: correlation between parasite prevalence, malaria interventions and rainfall in the context of re-emergence of malaria after two decades of progressively declining transmission.

BACKGROUND: Although the recent decline of malaria burden in some African countries has been attributed to a scale-up of interventions, such as bed nets (insecticide-treated bed nets, ITNs/long-lasting insecticidal nets, LLINs), the contribution of other factors to these changes has not been rigorously assessed. This study assessed the trends of Plasmodium falciparum prevalence in Magoda (1992-2017) and Mpapayu (1998-2017) villages of Muheza district, North-eastern Tanzania, in relation to changes in the levels of different interventions and rainfall patterns. METHODS: Individuals aged 0-19 y

The Malaria Vaccine Implementation Programme study area in Ghana: results of a household survey prior to the introduction of the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine.

BACKGROUND: In 2019, the RTS,S/AS01E malaria vaccine (RTS,S) was introduced into Ghana's routine health system as part of the Malaria Vaccine Implementation Programme (MVIP). Household surveys were conducted prior to vaccine introduction and approximately 18 and 30 months post-introduction. We present a description of the area in Ghana based on the baseline household survey including malaria prevalence, malnutrition, wealth, insecticide-treated net (ITN) coverage, other health interventions (deworming, Vitamin A supplementation (VAS)), coverage of Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) vacci

Resurgence of malaria in Ethiopia: a national landscape analysis of systemic and operational gaps.

BACKGROUND: Malaria remains a major public health threat in Ethiopia, with more than 7.3 million confirmed cases and 1,157 deaths reported in 2024, representing the highest incidence recorded in the past seven years. Persistent regional heterogeneity in transmission, emerging insecticide resistance, and systemic health system constraints continue to undermine national malaria elimination efforts. This study assessed systemic challenges and strategic priorities in Ethiopia's malaria management across six operational domains: preparedness, detection, containment, response, recovery, and preventi

Ownership and utilization of bed nets and reasons for use or non-use of bed nets among community members at risk of malaria along the Thai-Myanmar border.

BACKGROUND: With the goal for malaria elimination in Thailand set for 2024, increased coverage and utilization of bed net, especially insecticide-treated net (ITN) or long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) is a key strategy. This study aims to provide the necessary information about bed net ownership and utilization among the population at risk of malaria living along the Thai-Myanmar border in Tak province. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a mixed-method approach in 331 households from 5 hamlets in the villages of the Thai-Myanmar border. The research tools included a quest

Efficacy and Safety of Azithromycin-Chloroquine versus Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine for Intermittent Preventive Treatment of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Infection in Pregnant Women in Africa: An Open-Label, Randomized Trial.

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization recommends intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) in African regions with moderate to high malaria transmission. However, growing resistance to SP threatens the effectiveness of IPTp-SP, and alternative drugs are needed. This study tested the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of a fixed-dose combination azithromycin-chloroquine (AZCQ; 250 mg AZ/155 mg CQ base) for IPTp relative to IPTp-SP. METHODS AND FINDINGS: A randomized, Phase 3, open-label, multi-center study was conducted in sub-Saharan Africa

Geographical disparities in core population coverage indicators for roll back malaria in Malawi.

BACKGROUND: Implementation of known effective interventions would necessitate the reduction of malaria burden by half by the year 2010. Identifying geographical disparities of coverage of these interventions at small area level is useful to inform where greatest scaling-up efforts should be concentrated. They also provide baseline data against which future scaling-up of interventions can be compared. However, population data are not always available at local level. This study applied spatial smoothing methods to generate maps at subdistrict level in Malawi to serve such purposes. METHODS: Dat

An updated review of environmental estrogen and androgen mimics and antagonists.

For the last 40 y, substantial evidence has surfaced on the hormone-like effects of environmental chemicals such as pesticides and industrial chemicals in wildlife and humans. The endocrine and reproductive effects of these chemicals are believed to be due to their ability to: (1) mimic the effect of endogenous hormones, (2) antagonize the effect of endogenous hormones, (3) disrupt the synthesis and metabolism of endogenous hormones, and (4) disrupt the synthesis and metabolism of hormone receptors. The discovery of hormone-like activity of these chemicals occurred long after they were release

Effects of Deltamethrin and Endosulfan on the Hepatic Markers and Neurobehavioural Alterations in Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica).

BACKGROUND: Deltamethrin (DLM), a synthetic pyrethroid, and endosulfan, an organochlorine pesticide, frequently co-occur in agricultural environments, yet their combined effects on hepatic function and behaviour in non-target avian species remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVES: This study examined the toxic effects of combined DLM and endosulfan exposure on hepatic markers, lipid profile and neurobehaviour in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). METHODS: Twelve adult quails were divided into three groups receiving: (1) control, (2) low-dose (0.1 mg/kg DLM + 0.15 mg/kg endosulfan) or (3) high-d