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The anterior border zones of primary somatic sensory (S1) neocortex and their relation to cerebral convolutions, shown by micromapping of peripheral projections to the region of the fourth forepaw digit representation in raccoons.

In raccoons the somatic sensory neocortex is greatly expanded, with separate gyral crowns devoted to and intervening sulci separating, senso … ation and pattern of projections when the following different anesthetics were used: dial-urethane, chloralose, or methoxyflurane with nitrous oxide. The precisely organized somatotopic representation of the distal volar surface of the fourth digit, on the causal aspect of its gyral crown, continues down the anterior bank of the triradiate sulcus. This meets …

Analysis of some central actions of nicotine injected into the cerebral ventricles of cats.

1. In unanaesthetized cats intraventricular injections of 2.5-10 mug nicotine produced blinking, narrowing of the palpebral fissures, retchi … ia and blind charging sometimes followed by a clonic-tonic convulsion.2. In cats anaesthetized with chloralose only some of these effects followed the intraventricular injection of nicotine, i.e. the ear response, respiratory changes and salivation. In addition, the pinna reflex was facilitated.3. The ear response and the facilitation of the pinna reflex did …

Effects of electroacupuncture at different acupoints on changes of uterine myoelectricity induced by oxytocin and progesterone in pregnant rats.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) at different acupoints on abnormal changes of uterine myoelectric activities in pregnant rats so as to analyze the specificity of regulative effects of the acupoint. METHODS: Forty-eight pregnant (18-20 days) Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group (n=10), "Sanyinjiao" (SP 6) group (n=9), "Neiguan" (PC 6) group (n=10), "Hegu" (LI 4) group (n=8), and "Sanyinjiao plus Hegu" group (n= 11). These rats were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of a mixture solution of 1.5% chloralose (50mg/kg) and 25% urethane (420mg/kg…

Topography and reciprocal activity of cerebellar Purkinje cells in the uvula-nodulus modulated by vestibular stimulation.

In the rabbit uvula-nodulus, vestibular and optokinetic information is mapped onto parasagittal zones by climbing fibers. These zones are related functionally to different pairs of vertical semicircular canals, otolithic inputs and horizontal optokinetic inputs. Vestibular stimulation restricted to one of these zones modulates climbing fiber responses (CFRs). Within each of these zones, simple spikes (SSs) are modulated reciprocally with CFRs. In rabbits anesthetized with chloralose-urethan, we have used vestibular and optokinetic stimulation to evoke CFRs within a parasagittal zone while reco…

Vestibular and visual climbing fiber signals evoked in the uvula-nodulus of the rabbit cerebellum by natural stimulation.

1. The cerebellar uvula-nodulus receives vestibular projections from primary and secondary vestibular afferents as well as vestibularly related climbing fibers. It also receives visually related information from climbing fiber pathways. In this experiment we investigated how this information is mapped onto the uvula-nodulus. We studied the specificity, dynamics, and topographic distribution of climbing fiber responses (CFRs), simple spike responses, and mossy fiber terminal responses evoked by vestibular and optokinetic stimulation in rabbits anesthetized with alpha-chloralose. 2. Vestibularly…

Roles of sympathetic nervous system in the suppression of cytotoxicity of splenic natural killer cells in the rat.

1. We previously demonstrated that a central injection of interferon-alpha in rats induced a suppression of cytotoxicity of splenic natural … tural killer cytotoxicity on the electrical stimulation of the splenic nerve in urethane with alpha-chloralose anaesthetized rats. 2. An injection of recombinant human interferon-alpha (1.5 x 10(3) and 6.0 x 10(3) units (u) per rat) into the third cerebral ventricle produced a sustained and long lasting (at least for more than 60 min) increase in the electri …

The central projection of electrosensory information in the platypus.

1. This is the first detailed description of the projection to the cerebral cortex of afferent information coming from electroreceptors in the bill of the platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus. 2. In animals anaesthetized with chloralose, with the bill immersed in tap water, applying a potential difference between plate electrodes on either side of the bill produced large amplitude potentials from the surface of a postero-lateral region of cerebral cortex. Response threshold was 300 microV cm-1, somewhat lower than threshold measured for single identified electroreceptors. Electroreceptor thresho…

Responses of primate spinothalamic tract neurons to renal pelvic distension.

1. Experiments were performed to examine responses of spinothalamic tract (STT) neurons to distension of the renal pelvis. Nineteen monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were anesthetized with alpha-chloralose, paralyzed, and artificially ventilated. Fifty-four STT neurons in the T11-L2 segments were studied. Each cell was excited by renal nerve stimulation and had a somatic receptive field in the left flank and/or the abdomen. 2. Distension of the left renal pelvis to 50 mmHg for 20-30 s increased activity of 40 STT neurons. Two types of responses were observed. Six cells responded rapidly to the inc…

[14C]-beta-phenethylamine, its distribution after administration by various routes to cats, and the effects of monoamine oxidase inhibitors.

[14C]-beta-phenethylamine [( 14C]-PEA) was instilled intragastrically, intraduodenally (i.d.) or infused into the portal vein or femoral artery of cats, anaesthetized with chloralose, to investigate its distribution in the body. [14C]-PEA and phenylacetic acid (PAA) accounted for approximately 85% of radioactivity recovered in blood from control cats or those pretreated with deprenyl or mebanazine. Progressively greater portal venous (PV), cranial mesenteric arterial (CMA) and PV-CMA concentrations of PEA and PAA were observed with increase in amount of PEA instilled intraduodenally (i.d.); PA…

Haemodynamic responses to stimulation of the cardiac autonomic nerves in the anaesthetized cat with closed chest.

1. The changes in cardiac output and mean right atrial pressure (R.A.P.) evoked by stimulation of the cardiac autonomic nerves were investigated in cats under chloralose anaesthesia, with unopened chests and spontaneous respiration, and with active vascular reflexes. Cardiac output was measured by thermal dilution; the technique used was calibrated against the direct Fick method.2. The initial values of R.A.P. and output were varied by infusion of dextran-saline solution followed by withdrawal of blood. At positive values of R.A.P. withdrawal of blood caused a fall in R.A.P. with no change in …

Responses of neurones in nucleus interpositus of the cerebellum to cutaneous nerve volleys in the awake cat.

1. A method is described which permitted stable extracellular recordings to be made from 115 neurones in nucleus interpositus of the cerebel … e stimulation are compared with those encountered in previous studies using cats anaesthetized with chloralose or barbiturates and with the responses of Purkinje (P) cells and it is suggested that the longer latency excitatory responses result in large part from a reduction in the tonic inhibitory action exerted on the interpositus neurones by Purkinje cells …

[Microcirculation of the liver in hemorrhagic shock in the rat and its significance for energy metabolism and function].

INTRODUCTION: Shock induced microcirculatory failure is proposed to be causative for the impairment of hepatic function, which contributes to the development of multiple organ failure. In order to quantify the interrelation between hepatic microcirculatory disturbances and organ dysfunction, we have analyzed hepatic microcirculation (in vivo microscopy), energy metabolism (ketone body ratio) and liver excretory function (bile flow) during hemorrhagic shock in rats. METHODS: Under chloralose anesthesia and mechanical ventilation Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 6) were laparotomized and the left liver…

Extrinsic and intrinsic neural control of pyloric sphincter pressure in the dog.

1. In chloralose-urethane-anaesthetized dogs a manometric assembly was inserted via a gastrostomy to monitor pyloric pressure with a sleeve sensor. Antral and duodenal contractions were monitored with both manometric side holes and serosal strain gauges. 2. Subserosal silver wire electrodes were placed in the antrum 5 cm orad and the duodenum 3 cm aborad to the pylorus to facilitate field stimulation of intramural nerves. 3. The pylorus exerted spontaneous tone (10.8 +/- 4.8 mmHg) with phasic contractions occurring at a rate varying from 1-5 min-1 and, at times, with a superimposed higher freq…

The insulinotropic effect of exogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 is not affected by acute vagotomy in anaesthetized pigs.

What is the central question of this study? We investigated whether intestinal vagal afferents are necessary for the insulinotropic effect o … vation of intestinal vagal afferents has been proposed. We conducted two series of experiments in α-chloralose-anaesthetized pigs. In protocol I, pigs (n = 14) were allocated for either i.v. or i.a. (mesenteric) GLP-1 infusions (1 and 2 pmol kg(-1)  min(-1) , 30 min) while maintaining permissive glucose concentrations at 6 mmol l(-1) by i.v. glucose infusion …

Changes in blood pressure during isometric contractions to fatigue in the cat after brain stem lesions: effects of clonidine.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to determine whether areas in the periaqueductal grey matter, medial dorsal raphe, or ventrolateral medulla might be involved with the integration of blood pressure and heart rate during isometric exercise. DESIGN: Cats were anaesthetised with alpha chloralose (75 mg.kg-1) and catheters inserted into the right jugular vein and carotid artery. Isometric contractions were generated using a microprocessor controlled stimulator and sleeve electrode around the tibial nerve. Bilateral lesions were made in the dorsal periaqueductal grey matter (P1.0, LR2.0, HD + 1.5 mm) …

Striking differences in transmission of corticospinal excitation to upper limb motoneurons in two primate species.

There is considerable debate as to the relative importance, for cortical control of upper limb movements, of direct cortico-motoneuronal (CM … identified from the ulnar, median, and deep radial (DR) nerves in four adult squirrel monkeys under chloralose anesthesia and neuromuscular paralysis. Responses to stimulation of the contralateral medullary pyramid were recorded before and after a lesion to the dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) at C(5), designed to interrupt direct corticospinal inputs to the low …

GABA receptors in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus influence feline lower esophageal sphincter and gastric function.

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist (bicuculline methiodide, BIC; picrotoxin, PIC) or agonist (muscimol, MUS) microinjections were made into the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMV), and effects on lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP), gastric motility, and gastric acid secretion were determined in chloralose-anesthetized cats. Right or left DMV sites were microinjected with BIC, PIC, MUS, or isotonic tonic saline (140 nl) through a glass micropipette having a tip diameter of 15-21 microns. Esophageal body, LESP, and gastric fundic pressures were measured manometrically. C…

Excitation and depression of cortical neurones by 5-hydroxytryptamine.

1. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and various 5-HT antagonists have been applied micro-electrophoretically from multibarrelled micropipettes int … e small number of cells studied.9. The effects of 5-HT on cells in animals anaesthetized with alpha-chloralose did not differ significantly from its effects in unanaesthetized preparations. It is suggested that the use of this anaesthetic may prove a useful alternative to unanaesthetized preparations.10. The systemic injection of small quantities of thiopent …

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction: spotlight on light, circadian rhythms, and sleep.

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a neurological disorder characterized by the emergence of cognitive impairment after surgery. A growing body of literature suggests that the onset of POCD is closely tied to circadian rhythm disruption (CRD). Circadian rhythms are patterns of behavioral and physiological change that repeat themselves at approximately, but not exactly, every 24 h. They are entrained to the 24 h day by the daily light-dark cycle. Postoperative CRD affects cognitive function likely by disrupting sleep architecture, which in turn provokes a host of pathological process

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… Hablitz et al. correlated influx of a CSF tracer with electroencephalogram (EEG) power and showed that ketamine/xylazine (K/X) showed the highest CSF tracer influx, while alpha-chloralose, Avertin, or pure isoflurane exhibited the lowest CSF tracer influx when mice were under anesthesia ( Hablitz et …

PROCEEDINGS 32nd Symposium ESVN-ECVN WROCLAW, POLAND 12th-14th September 2019. Selected research communications of the 32nd Symposium of the ESVN-ECVN Wroclaw, Poland 12th to 14th September 2019.

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