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Rapid post-oral stimulation of intake and flavor conditioning by glucose and fat in the mouse.

Although widely assumed to have only satiating actions, nutrients in the gut can also condition increases in intake in some cases. Here we s … is not mediated by capsaicin-sensitive visceral afferents. In experiment 3, mice consumed flavored saccharin solutions as they self-infused water or glucose via an intragastric (IG) catheter. The glucose self-infusion stimulated ingestion within 13-15 min in test 1 and produced a conditioned increase in licking that was apparent in the initial minute of te …

[Relationship among sexual differences of susceptibility to motion sickness, AVP levels of plasma and pituitary and V1b receptor expression of pituitary in rats].

AIM: To investigate the relationship among sexual differences of motion sickness (MS), AVP levels of plasma and pituitary and the expression of pituitary V1b receptors for further understanding of the MS mechanisms. METHODS: The conditioned taste aversion (CTA) of 0.15% saccharin sodium solution (SSS) was served as MS model. 98 (49 male and 49 female) rats were used in this experiment, 50 for the detection of the AVP level in plasma and pituitary with radioimmunoassay (RIA), 12 for the observation of the number of V1b receptor-positive neurons in the pituitary with the fluorescence immunohist…

IARC monographs, industry influence, and upgrading, downgrading, and under-grading chemicals: a personal point of view. International Agency for Research on Cancer.

The first IARC Monographs Volume was distributed in 1972, and over the 23 years through 1993, under the leadership of Dr Lorenzo Tomatis, 59 … (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; glass wool insulation; MtBE [methyl tertiary butyl ether]; ochratoxin A; saccharin; sunlamps and sunbeds (use of); trichloroethylene; sulfamethazine; and others more inclusively mentioned in the text and tables. Further impeding or compromising public health, chemicals causing site-specific cancers in animals attendant with calcul …

Interferon-alpha treatment induces depression-like behaviour accompanied by elevated hippocampal quinolinic acid levels in rats.

Immunotherapy with the cytokine interferon-alpha (IFN-α) can induce symptoms of depression, and it is likely that the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway may be involved in this regard. In this study we investigated the effects of IFN-α on depression-like behaviour and central metabolites of the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in rats. Secondly, we explored the modulating effects of an antidepressant (imipramine) and anti-inflammatory drug (celecoxib) on IFN-α-induced behavioural and pathophysiological changes in the brain. The following treatment groups were used: Control (saline), IFN-α (6×10(4)IU/k

Comparison of central administration of corticotropin-releasing hormone and urocortin on food intake, conditioned taste aversion, and c-Fos expression.

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is a potent regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and reduces food intake when administered into the third cerebral ventricle (i3vt). However, CRH also promotes conditioned taste aversion (CTA) learning which indicates that its anorectic effects are accompanied by aversive consequences that would reduce food intake independently of energy regulation. Urocortin (Ucn) is a closely related mammalian peptide that binds to both identified CRH receptor subtypes and also reduces food intake when administered i3vt. The present experiments compared

Fate of artificial sweeteners in urban aquifers: Evaluation of natural attenuation using mixing models.

Groundwater represents a critical source of freshwater, yet shallow aquifers are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic contamination from urbanized river recharge. Due to their source domestic origin, high mobility in water, resistance to conventional wastewater treatment, widespread consumption, and constant discharge loads, artificial sweeteners (ASs) may serve as good candidate tracers for wastewater inputs in aquatic systems. The occurrence, distribution, and natural attenuation of four ASs, namely acesulfame (ACE), cyclamate (CYC), saccharin (SAC), and sucralose (SUC), were evaluated a…

Traumatic stress-enhanced ethanol drinking: Sex, but not stress responsivity, alters sensitivity to the effects of a CRF-R1 antagonist and a GPR39 agonist in mice.

BACKGROUND: Predator stress (PS) is used to model trauma leading to post-traumatic stress disorder, and it increases ethanol drinking in a p … ign. Control studies examined the effects of NBI or TC-G on binge drinking, locomotor activity, and saccharin intake. RESULTS: NBI and TC-G significantly suppressed binge drinking in male and female mice in the control studies. However, sensitivity to the ability of the compounds to decrease PS-enhanced drinking did not differ between animals in the "PS-se …

Adolescent intermittent ethanol exposure enhances adult stress effects in male rats.

Binge patterns of alcohol use, prevalent among adolescents, are associated with a higher probability of developing alcohol use disorders (AU … xiety-like behavior. After AIE exposure, in adulthood, animals were tested on forced swim (FST) and saccharin preference (SP) and then exposed to either RS (90 min/5 days) or home-cage control. Twenty-four hours after the last RS session, animals began testing on the elevated plus maze (EPM), and were re-tested on FST and SP. A separate group of animals wer …

Detection of prenatal alcohol exposure using machine learning classification of resting-state functional network connectivity data.

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD), a wide range of physical and neurobehavioral abnormalities associated with prenatal alcohol exposure … state fMRI data collected from adult rats exposed to moderate levels of prenatal alcohol (PAE) or a saccharin control solution (SAC) to assess FNC of resting state networks extracted by spatial group independent component analysis (GICA). FNC data were subjected to binary classification using support vector machine (SVM) -based algorithms and leave-one-out- …

Preclinical evidence of rapid-onset antidepressant-like effect in Radix Polygalae extract.

Radix Polygalae (the root of Polygala tenuifolia) is a herb widely used in traditional Asian medicine that is thought to exert a variety of … ations 24 hours and 30 minutes before the first test. Finally, it reversed anhedonia as measured by saccharin preference in mice exposed to the chronic stress model after two administrations of 0.1 mg/kg, in contrast to the repeated administration generally needed for similar effect by monoamergic antidepressants. Immobility reduction in tail suspension tas …

Impaired autophagy in myeloid cells aggravates psoriasis-like skin inflammation through the IL-1β/CXCL2/neutrophil axis.

BACKGROUND: Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease characterized by the hyperproliferative epidermal keratinocytes and significant immune … ing γδ T cells. Supporting this, treatment with systemic IL-1 receptor blocking antibody or topical saccharin, a disaccharide suppressing pro-IL-1β expression, led to the alleviation of neutrophilia and psoriatic skin inflammation linked to autophagy deficiency. The pathophysiological relevance of this finding was supported by dysregulation of autophagy-rel …

Adsorption of recalcitrant contaminants of emerging concern onto activated carbon: A laboratory and pilot-scale study.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the definition of water quality indicators, including contaminants of emerging concern (CE … CECs; 2) evaluating the adsorption potential of such selected CECs [caffeine, hydrochlorothiazide, saccharin, sucralose (SUC), and sulfamethoxazole (SMX)] onto coconut-shell granular activated carbon (GAC); and 3) investigating the removal of the same CECs by a multi-barrier system (pilot-scale, 350 L h-1) treating the effluent of the WWTP and composed of …

Baclofen blocks yohimbine-induced increases in ethanol-reinforced responding in rats.

Chronic or repeated stress increases alcohol consumption. The GABA-B agonist baclofen decreases alcohol consumption and may be most effective for individuals with comorbid anxiety/stress disorders. The present study sought to determine if baclofen blocks stress-induced increases in ethanol self-administration as modeled by repeated yohimbine injections in rats. Rats were trained to respond for 15% w/v ethanol in operant chambers using a method that applies neither water deprivation nor saccharin/sucrose fading. Following training, the rats received 6 injections of 1.25mg/kg yohimbine were give…

Selective GABAA alpha5 benzodiazepine inverse agonist antagonizes the neurobehavioral actions of alcohol.

BACKGROUND: Previous research has implicated the alpha5-containing GABAA receptors of the hippocampus in the reinforcing properties of alcoh … as bilateral hippocampal infusions (0.3 to 20 microg) reduced responding by 66% to 84% of controls. Saccharin responding was reduced only with the highest intraperitoneal (e.g., 10 mg) and microinjected (e.g., 20 microg) doses. In experiment two, RY 023 (3.0 to 15 mg/kg IP) reversed the motor-impairing effects of a moderate dose of alcohol (0.75 g/kg) on an …

The Effects of Artificial Sweeteners on Intestinal Nutrient-Sensing Receptors: Dr. Jekyll or Mr. Hyde?

The consumption of artificial and low-calorie sweeteners (ASs, LCSs) is an important component of the Western diet. ASs play a role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, dysbiosis, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), and various inflammatory conditions. Intestinal nutrient-sensing receptors act as a crosstalk between dietary components, the gut microbiota, and the regulation of immune, endocrinological, and neurological responses. This narrative review aimed to summarize the possible effects of ASs and LCSs on intestinal nutrient-sensing receptors and their related functions. Based on the

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… Saccharin The first artificial sweetener, saccharin (1,2-benzisothiazol-3-one-1,1-dioxide), was discovered in 1870. … It is important that saccharin not only activates T1Rs in the oral cavity or gastrointestinal system but also in the whole body. Findings about the effect of saccharin on insulin secretion and gut microbiota are controversial. …

Lesions of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus alter food and water consumption.

The Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW) produces several neuropeptides, including urocortin 1 and cocaine-amphetamine-regulated transcript, which regulate feeding, energy balance, and anxiety. Additionally, the EW projects to feeding and anxiety-regulatory brain areas. The authors tested the effect of lesions of the EW on the consumption of food, water and flavored solutions, metabolic indices, and exploratory behavior on the elevated plus maze in male C57BL/6J mice. EW lesion significantly reduced basal and deprivation-induced food and fluid consumption compared with sham and placement controls, bu

"Inactive" ingredients in pharmaceutical products: update (subject review). American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs.

Because of an increasing number of reports of adverse reactions associated with pharmaceutical excipients, in 1985 the Committee on Drugs issued a position statement recommending that the Food and Drug Administration mandate labeling of over-the-counter and prescription formulations to include a qualitative list of inactive ingredients. However, labeling of inactive ingredients remains voluntary. Adverse reactions continue to be reported, although some are no longer considered clinically significant, and other new reactions have emerged. The original statement, therefore, has been updated and

An approach to screen susceptible rats and efficacy of an antidepressive treatment after chronic stress.

Chronic stress during life has been considered a risk factor for the development of psychiatric illness in humans. Chronic unpredictable str … the efficacy of antidepressant therapy in depression models is not well studied. Here we show that saccharine consumption, immobility and time spent in the center of the area could be useful as behavioral markers for screening susceptibility to stress and depression, also we show that fluoxetine treatment had different efficacy depending on the age when th …

Immune activation in lactating dams alters sucklings' brain cytokines and produces non-overlapping behavioral deficits in adult female and male offspring: A novel neurodevelopmental model of sex-specific psychopathology.

Early immune activation (IA) in rodents, prenatal through the mother or early postnatal directly to the neonate, is widely used to produce b … iting despair and anhedonia (manifested in increased immobility in the forced swim test and reduced saccharine preference) and hyperdopaminergia, mimicking the known sex-bias in schizophrenia and depression. The behavioral double-dissociation predicted distinct pharmacological profiles, recapitulating the pharmacology of negative/cognitive symptoms and depr …

Effects of chronic stress on the onset and progression of Huntington's disease in transgenic mice.

Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by a tandem repeat mutation encoding an expanded polyglutamine tract. Our pr … rbated by restraint and olfaction was also impaired in male WT mice. The development of deficits in saccharin preference, Y-maze memory, nest-building and sexually-motivated vocalizations was unaffected by chronic restraint in R6/1 and had little impact on such behavioral performances in WT animals. We provide evidence that chronic stress can negatively mod …