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Strategies for non-viral vectors targeting organs beyond the liver.

In recent years, nanoparticles have evolved to a clinical modality to deliver diverse nucleic acids. Rising interest in nanomedicines comes from proven safety and efficacy profiles established by continuous efforts to optimize physicochemical properties and endosomal escape. However, despite their transformative impact on the pharmaceutical industry, the clinical use of non-viral nucleic acid delivery is limited to hepatic diseases and vaccines due to liver accumulation. Overcoming liver tropism of nanoparticles is vital to meet clinical needs in other organs. Understanding the anatomical stru…

JCPyV VP1 Mutations in Progressive MultifocalLeukoencephalopathy: Altering Tropismor Mediating Immune Evasion?

Polyomaviruses are ubiquitous human pathogens that cause lifelong, asymptomatic infections in healthy individuals. Although these viruses ar … 1 is also the target of the host's neutralizing antibody response. Thus, VP1 mutations could affect tropism and/or recognition by polyomavirus-specific antibodies. How these mutations predispose susceptible individuals to PML and other JCPyV-associated CNS diseases remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we review the current understanding of polyomavirus c …

[Rift Valley fever virus infection : physiopathology and pathogenesis].

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a major emerging arboviral disease with a complex epidemiological cycle. RVF virus (RVFV) is transmitted by mosquito vectors to ruminants, causing epizootics, and then from animals to humans, triggering epidemics. During its cycle, RVFV infects a wide range of hosts, but the associated pathogenesis has yet to be elucidated. RVFV displays a predominant hepatic tropism, but also has a multicellular tropism inducing physiopathological effects in several tissues. However, there is variability between species in terms of physiopathology : a common clinical picture is foun…

Heparan sulfate-independent infection attenuates high-neurovirulence GDVII virus-induced encephalitis.

The high-neurovirulence Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) strain GDVII uses heparan sulfate (HS) as a coreceptor to enter targ … intracerebrally inoculated mice was substantially attenuated. The adapted virus showed altered cell tropism in the central nervous systems of mice, shifting from cerebral and brainstem neurons to spinal cord anterior horn cells; thus, severe poliomyelitis, but not acute encephalitis, was observed in infected mice. These data indicate that the use of HS as …

Terminal glucose as a receptor for adeno-associated virus 44.9.

The isolation of novel adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotypes has led to significant advances in our understanding of parvovirus biology and vector development for gene therapy by identifying isolates with unique cell tropism and increased efficiency of gene transfer to target cells. AAV44.9 is a natural isolate originally found as a contamination of the laboratory stock of SV15 adenovirus. Its sequence homology places it between current clades in a small cluster with AAVrh.8R. Recent studies have suggested that AAV44.9 is a promising candidate for photoreceptor-targeted tissues, salivary glan…

Spike protein fusion peptide and feline coronavirus virulence.

Coronaviruses are well known for their potential to change their host or tissue tropism, resulting in unpredictable new diseases and changes in pathogenicity; severe acute respiratory syndrome and feline coronaviruses, respectively, are the most recognized examples. Feline coronaviruses occur as 2 pathotypes: nonvirulent feline enteric coronaviruses (FECVs), which replicate in intestinal epithelium cells, and lethal feline infectious peritonitis viruses (FIPVs), which replicate in macrophages. Evidence indicates that FIPV originates from FECV by mutation, but consistent distinguishing differen…

Tissue distribution and expression of signaling lymphocyte activation molecule receptor to peste des petits ruminant virus in goats detected by real-time PCR.

In the present study, we investigated the tissue distribution and expression of signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) in 40 tissues and organs of goats by real-time RT-PCR, in order to determine the role of these receptors in tissue tropism. SLAM mRNA was detected in all the samples investigated. The expression of SLAM mRNA was detected at high levels in spleen, mesenteric lymph node, hilar lymph node, mandibular lymph node, superficial cervical lymph node, nasal mucosa, duodenum, heart, gallbladder, thymus and blood; this is similar to the tissue tropism of peste des petits ruminant…

Comparison of vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotyped with the S proteins from a porcine and a human coronavirus.

The surface proteins S of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) were compared for their ability to mediate infection of viral pseudotypes based on vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). The cell tropism of the respective pseudotypes corresponded to the tropism of the viruses from which the S protein was derived. Higher infectivity values were obtained with the SARS-CoV S protein than with the TGEV S protein. Differences were observed with respect to the importance of the cytoplasmic tail and the membrane anchor of the S proteins. In …

Distribution of transgene in the rodent choroid plexus after intracerebroventricular injection of adeno-associated virus.

Using adeno-associated virus to transfer genetic information to the choroid plexus has emerged as a promising route for long-term gene therapy in the brain for a variety of conditions. Overexpression of proteins has proved effective in small animal models but few attempts have been made to translate this technology to clinic, suppress the activity of a protein of interest, or further expand the limited capsid serotypes known to have choroid plexus tropism. We utilise transfer of green fluorescent protein to show choroid plexus epithelium tropism for novel AAV6 derived capsid ShH10Y445F in mous…

Characteristics of HIV-1 molecular transmission networks and drug resistance among men who have sex with men in Tianjin, China (2014-2018).

BACKGROUND: In Tianjin, China, there is a relatively high prevalence of HIV in men who have sex with men (MSM). The number of HIV cases in Tianjin is also increasing. We investigated the HIV molecular transmission network, genetic tropisms, and drug resistance mutations in Tianjin. METHODS: Blood samples were collected from 510 newly diagnosed antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve HIV-1-infected subjects among MSM in Tianjin. Partial pol and env genes were sequenced and used for phylogenetic, genetic tropism, and genotypic drug resistance analyses. Molecular clusters were identified with 1.5% ge…

The nsp1, nsp13, and M proteins contribute to the hepatotropism of murine coronavirus JHM.WU.

UNLABELLED: Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) isolates JHM.WU and JHM.SD promote severe central nervous system disease. However, while JHM.WU replicates robustly and induces hepatitis, JHM.SD fails to replicate or induce pathology in the liver. These two JHM variants encode homologous proteins with few polymorphisms, and little is known about which viral proteins(s) is responsible for the liver tropism of JHM.WU. We constructed reverse genetic systems for JHM.SD and JHM.WU and, utilizing these full-length cDNA clones, constructed chimeric viruses and mapped the virulence factors involved in liver tr…

Myopathy associated with AIDS.

We report 3 cases of AIDS complicated by muscular disease: 2 with acute polymyositis and 1 with severe noninflammatory myopathy. Tests for an alternative infectious etiology were negative. HIV may well have a tropism for muscle tissue.

Herpesvirus Simplex Virus-1 Exploits Inflammation to Infect Periodontal Stem Cells and Disrupt Lineage Commitment.

AIMS: Elevated levels of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) have been reported in periodontitis, however, the tropism and relationship with periodontal inflammation are poorly characterized. This study investigated how inflammation affects viral tropism toward human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs). METHODS: HSV-1 gB and gD transcripts in healthy and diseased human gingiva were measured by RT-qPCR and confirmed in HSV-1-infected murine gingiva. HSV-1 infection in hPDLSCs was analyzed by imaging and flow cytometry. hPDLSCs were individually treated with IL-6, TNF-α, GMCSF, IL-10, or PgLPS…

Reciprocal mutations of lung-tropic AAV capsids lead to improved transduction properties.

Considerable effort has been devoted to developing adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based vectors for gene therapy in cystic fibrosis (CF). As a result of directed evolution and capsid shuffling technology, AAV capsids are available with widespread tropism for airway epithelial cells. For example, AAV2.5T and AAV6.2 are two evolved capsids with improved airway epithelial cell transduction properties over their parental serotypes. However, limited research has been focused on identifying their specific cellular tropism. Restoring cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) expression…

Assessing Gammapapillomavirus infections of mucosal epithelia with two broad-spectrum PCR protocols.

BACKGROUND: Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have been divided into mucosal and cutaneous types according to their primary epithelial tissue tropism. However, recent studies showed the presence of several cutaneous types in mucosal lesions and healthy mucosa from different anatomical sites. METHODS: Here, the HPV prevalence and type-specific distribution were assessed in a variety of mucosal samples from 435 individuals using a combination of two established broad-spectrum primer systems: Gamma-PV PCR and CUT PCR. RESULTS: Overall HPV prevalence in anal canal swabs, cervical cancer biopsies, ge…

Risk factors for adjacent segment pathology requiring additional surgery after single-level spinal fusion: impact of pre-existing spinal stenosis demonstrated by preoperative myelography.

PURPOSE: We determined the incidence of and risk factors for clinical adjacent segment pathology (C-ASP) requiring additional surgeries among patients previously treated with one-segment lumbar decompression and fusion surgery. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed 161 consecutive patients who underwent one-segment lumbar decompression and fusion surgery for L4 degenerative spondylolisthesis. Patient age, sex, body mass index (BMI), facet orientation and tropism, laminar inclination angle, spinal canal stenosis ratio [on myelography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)], preoperative adjacent …

The Role of the Liver-Specific microRNA, miRNA-122 in the HCV Replication Cycle.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication requires annealing of a liver specific microRNA, miR-122 to 2 sites on 5' untranslated region (UTR). While, microRNAs downregulate gene expression by binding to the 3' untranslated region of the target mRNA, in this case, the microRNA anneals to the 5'UTR of the viral genomes and upregulates the viral lifecycle. In this review, we explore the current understandings of the mechanisms by which miR-122 promotes the HCV lifecycle, and its contributions to pathogenesis. Annealing of miR-122 has been reported to (a) stimulate virus translation by promoting the for

Hitchhiking on the neuronal highway: Mechanisms of transsynaptic specificity.

Transsynaptic viral tracers are an invaluable neuroanatomical tool to define neuronal circuit connectivity across single or multiple synapses. There are variants that label either inputs or outputs of defined starter populations, most of which are based on the herpes and rabies viruses. However, we still have an incomplete understanding of the factors influencing specificity of neuron-neuron transmission and labeling of inputs vs. outputs. This article will touch on three topics: First, how specific are the directional transmission patterns of these viruses? Second, what are the properties tha

Modulation of cytokeratin and cytokine/chemokine expression following influenza virus infection of differentiated human tonsillar epithelial cells.

UNLABELLED: The tonsils have been identified as a site of replication for Epstein-Barr virus, adenovirus, human papillomavirus, and other re … mammalian strains). This dual receptor expression suggests a role in influenza virus adaptation and tropism within the tonsils by facilitating the binding and entry of multiple influenza virus strains. Our results indicated the susceptibility of differentiated HTECs to a wide range of influenza viruses from human, swine, and avian hosts. Virus production …

Неврологические последствия заболеваний поксивирусом: патогенез, нейротропизм и клинические проявления.

Poxviridae — разнородная семейство двухструнных вирусов ДНК, исторически значимых для таких заболеваний, как оспа, вызванная вирусом вариолы (VARV). Эти вирусы отличаются уникальными цитоплазмическими стратегиями репликации, крупными геномами, кодирующими множество белков, и способностью вызывать серьезные резкие и системные заболевания. В последнее время внимание было сосредоточено на их нейротропическом потенциале, включая механизмы вторжения CNS, ущерб, причиненный иммунным путем, и такие клинические проявления, как энцефалит и миелит. В настоящем обзоре обобщены текущие знания о оксивирусн

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Poxviridae is a diverse family of double-stranded DNA viruses, historically significant for diseases like smallpox caused by variola virus ( … tions such as encephalitis and myelitis. This review synthesises current knowledge on poxvirus neurotropism, highlighting pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical implications.