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Influence of Solidification Microsegregation on Heterogeneous Austenite Grain Growth in Nb-Ti Microalloyed Steel: Experimental Investigation and Phase-Field Simulation.

To elucidate austenite grain coarsening and mixed-grain formation in continuously cast Nb-Ti microalloyed steel during high-temperature holding, high-temperature holding experiments, Clyne-Kurz microsegregation calculations, Thermo-Calc equilibrium precipitation analysis, Gladman pinning calculations, and multi-order-parameter phase-field simulations were combined to investigate the effect of precipitation differences between dendritic and interdendritic regions on heterogeneous austenite grain growth. The experimental results show that mixed-grain structures of varying severity are present af

Conditional Astrocyte Rac1KO Attenuates Hyperreflexia after Spinal Cord Injury.

Spasticity is a hyperexcitability disorder that adversely impacts functional recovery and rehabilitative efforts after spinal cord injury (SCI). The loss of evoked rate-dependent depression (RDD) of the monosynaptic H-reflex is indicative of hyperreflexia, a physiological sign of spasticity. Given the intimate relationship between astrocytes and neurons, that is, the tripartite synapse, we hypothesized that astrocytes might have a significant role in post-injury hyperreflexia and plasticity of neighboring neuronal synaptic dendritic spines. Here, we investigated the effect of selective Rac1KO

High-throughput sequencing unravels the cell heterogeneity of cerebrospinal fluid in the bacterial meningitis of children.

Bacterial meningitis (BM) is a common life-threatening infection in children that occurs in the central nervous system (CNS). The cytologic examination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a key parameter in the diagnosis of BM, but the heterogeneity of cells in the CSF has not been elucidated, which limits the current understanding of BM neuroinflammation. In this study, CSF samples were collected from a number of BM patients who were in different stages of disease progression. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq), with additional bulk transcriptome sequencing, was conducted to decipher the char

Cellular cytotoxicity is a form of immunogenic cell death.

BACKGROUND: The immune response to cancer is often conceptualized with the cancer immunity cycle. An essential step in this interpretation is that antigens released by dying tumors are presented by dendritic cells to naive or memory T cells in the tumor-draining lymph nodes. Whether tumor cell death resulting from cytotoxicity, as mediated by T cells or natural killer (NK) lymphocytes, is actually immunogenic currently remains unknown. METHODS: In this study, tumor cells were killed by antigen-specific T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic CD8 T cells or activated NK cells. Immunogenic cell death

Expression and Regulation of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin and Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Receptor Heterocomplex in the Innate-Adaptive Immunity of Pediatric Asthma.

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the airway, and it is characterized by a wheezing breathing sound, variable airflow obstruction and the presence of inflammatory cells in the submucosa of the bronchi. Viral infection, pollutants and sensitivity to aeroallergens damage the epithelium from childhood, which causes asthma. The pathogenesis of asthma includes pathways of innate stimulation by environmental microbes and irritant pathogens. Damaged epithelial cells produce thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and stimulate myeloid dendritic cell maturation through the thymic stromal

Contrasting patterns of extrasynaptic NMDAR-GluN2B expression in macaque subgenual cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices.

UNLABELLED: Expression of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, particularly when containing the GluN2B subunit (NMDAR-GluN2B) varies across th … aptic and extrasynaptic expression patterns of NMDAR-GluN2B across excitatory and inhibitory neuron dendrites in the rhesus macaque SGC and dlPFC. We found a larger population of extrasynaptic NMDAR-GluN2B in dendritic shafts and spines of putative pyramidal neurons in SGC as compared to the dlPFC, while the dlPFC had a higher proportion of synaptic NMDAR-G …

Revisiting Zn-specific nucleation via a dimensionless factor to quantify interfacial electrochemistry of aqueous batteries.

Zn-based aqueous batteries have attracted widespread research attention, while the lack of nucleation theory for electrochemical interaction … eposition, as evidenced by the literature. Accordingly, we develop a high-Wf electrolyte to inhibit dendrites and side reactions, achieving over 700 h at 100% depth of discharge and 7660 cycles at 10 A g-1 in a Zn||NaV3O8 cell. This work provides a fundamental nucleation theory and a generally applicable quantitative metric for the rational design of Zn-bas …

A Selective-Transport Elastomeric Coating Regulating Hierarchical Solid Electrolyte Interphase for Low-Temperature Lithium-Metal Batteries.

Enhancing the low-temperature cycling performance of lithium metal batteries (LMBs) relies on the rational design of solid electrolyte interphases (SEIs). Conventional approaches typically involve tuning electrolyte compositions to indirectly generate SEIs dominated by organic or inorganic components. However, organic-rich SEI fails to inhibit the growth of Li dendrites, compromising sluggish Li+ kinetics, and inorganic-rich SEI suffers from mechanical brittleness at low temperatures, resulting in inadequate interfacial mechanical stability. Herein, we introduce a siloxane-based elastomeric co…

Altered ECM deposition and cell adhesion signaling in a human cortical organoid model of fragile X syndrome.

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited intellectual disability, and the most common monogenic cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It is caused by epigenetic silencing of the FMR1 gene leading to the loss of FMRP, an RNA-binding protein that regulates local mRNA translation in neuronal dendrites, crucial for synapse development. Three-dimensional (3D) brain organoid models derived through in vitro differentiation of pluripotent stem cells offer a powerful tool to dissect the underlying mechanisms of neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we generated human FXS and control organ…

Traffic Jams in the Brain: How Kinesin Dysfunction Shapes Neurodevelopmental Disorders.

The development and maintenance of the nervous system depend on a tightly regulated intracellular transport network in which kinesin superfamily (KIF) motor proteins drive microtubule-based delivery of synaptic vesicle precursors, organelles, mRNAs, and signaling components along axons and dendrites. Disruption of this machinery underlies a clinically heterogeneous spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), including intellectual disability, epilepsy, autism spectrum disorder, microcephaly, malformations of cortical development, spasticity, and axonal neuropathy. Here, we synthesize curr…

Mushroom bodies tiny regulates Sidekick localization to tricellular adherens junctions.

The Drosophila cell-adhesion molecule Sidekick is a key component of tricellular adherens junctions in epithelia and localizes to specific s … phosphorylation sites in Sidekick itself did not affect its localization. Sidekick localizes to the dendrites of T4 and T5 neurons independently of its extracellular and PDZ-binding domains, and of Mushroom bodies tiny. Our findings reveal an important role for a PAK4 family member in establishing specialized structures at tricellular adherens junctions.

Роль тироидных гормонов в нейродегенеративных расстройствах: возможности и проблемы.

Гормон тироида (TH) имеет решающее значение для поддержания нормальной функции нервной системы и имеет существенно важное значение для образования дендритов, аксонов и миелиновых оболочек нейронов, которые составляют основу для передачи сообщений между нейронами, и недостаток ТН влияет на их развитие, что, в свою очередь, влияет на нормальное функционирование нервной системы. Последние статьи показали, что недостаток ТН или аномальные уровни не только влияют на настроение и когнитивную функцию, но и тесно связаны с развитием ряда нейродегенеративных расстройств, таких как болезни Альцгеймера,

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Thyroid hormone (TH) is crucial to maintaining nervous system's normal function and is essential for formation of dendrites, axons, and myelin sheaths of neurons, which form the basis for transmitting messages between neurons, and the deficiency of TH affects their development, which in turn affects nervous system's normal operation. Recent articles have fou…

[Advances in molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies of white matter injury after intracerebral hemorrhage].

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most common subtype of stroke with high disability and high mortality rates. Due to the hypertension w … myelinated axons and oligodendrocytes, whereas the gray matter consists of neuronal cell bodies and dendrites. Currently, most of studies have explored the mechanisms of gray matter injury. But researches of white matter injury (WMI) are still in their infancy, which may be partially responsible for the failure of treatments with neuroprotectants targeting …

Feasibility of High-Cellular-Resolution Full-Field, Artificial-Intelligence-Assisted, Real-Time Optical Coherence Tomography in the Evaluation of Vitiligo: A Prospective Longitudinal Follow-Up Study.

Vitiligo, a psychologically distressing pigmentary disorder characterized by white depigmented patches due to melanocyte loss, necessitates … ark band in vitiligo lesion skin, indicating melanin loss. Grafted areas exhibited melanocytes with dendrites around the epidermal-dermal junction and hair follicles. CRFF-OCT demonstrated its efficacy in the early detection of melanocyte recovery and accurate melanin quantification. This study introduces CRFF-OCT as a real-time, non-invasive, and in vivo e …

In vivo AAV9-Myo7a gene rescue restores hearing and cholinergic efferent innervation in inner hair cells.

In the mammalian cochlea, sensory hair cells are crucial for the transduction of acoustic stimuli into electrical signals, which are then relayed to the central auditory pathway via spiral ganglion neuron (SGN) afferent dendrites. The SGN output is directly modulated by inhibitory cholinergic axodendritic synapses from the efferent fibers originating in the superior olivary complex. When the adult cochlea is subjected to noxious stimuli or aging, the efferent system undergoes major rewiring, such that it reestablishes direct axosomatic contacts with the inner hair cells (IHCs), which occur onl…

Specific Extracellular Vesicles, Generated and Operating at Synapses, Contribute to Neuronal Effects and Signaling.

In all cell types, small EVs, very abundant extracellular vesicles, are generated and accumulated within MVB endocytic cisternae. Upon MVB fusion and exocytosis with the plasma membrane, the EVs are released to the extracellular space. In the central nervous system, the release of neuronal EVs was believed to occur only from the surface of the body and dendrites. About 15 years ago, MVB cisternae and EVs were shown to exist and function at synaptic boutons, the terminals' pre- and post-synaptic structures essential for canonical neurotransmitter release. Recent studies have revealed that synap…

Mass spectrometry identifies tau C-terminal phosphorylation cluster during neuronal hyperexcitation.

Tau is a microtubule-associated protein implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders termed tauopathies. Pat … peractivity in primary cultured rat hippocampal neurons. These sites influenced tau localization to dendrites as well as the size of excitatory postsynaptic sites. These results demonstrate novel physiological tau functions at synapses and the utility of comprehensive analysis of tau phosphorylation during specific signaling contexts.

Germacrone, isolated from Curcuma wenyujin, inhibits melanin synthesis through the regulation of the MAPK signaling pathway.

Abnormal melanin synthesis causes hyperpigmentation disorders, such as chloasma, freckles, and melanoma, which are highly multiple and preva … germacrone significantly inhibited tyrosinase (TYR) activity, reduced melanosome synthesis, reduced dendrites formation of B16F10 cells, and melanosome transport to keratinocytes. Moreover, germacrone effectively decreased the hyperpigmentation in zebrafish and the skin of guinea pigs in vivo. Western-blot analysis showed that germacrone down-regulated the …