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Longitudinal clinical findings and outcome among patients with Cryptococcus gattii infection in British Columbia.

BACKGROUND: Cryptococcus gattii (Cg) infection emerged in British Columbia in 1999. A longitudinal, clinical description of patients has not been reported. METHODS: Medical records were reviewed for Cg patients identified through surveillance (1999-2007). Risk factors for Cg mortality were explored using multivariate Cox regression; longitudinal patterns in serum cryptococcal antigen (SCrAg) titers and the probability of chest cryptococcomas over time were estimated using cubic B-splines in mixed-effects regression models. RESULTS: Among 152 patients, 111 (73.0%) were culture confirmed. Isol

A Single Protein S-acyl Transferase Acts through Diverse Substrates to Determine Cryptococcal Morphology, Stress Tolerance, and Pathogenic Outcome.

Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic yeast that kills over 625,000 people yearly through lethal meningitis. Host phagocytes serve as the first line of defense against this pathogen, but fungal engulfment and subsequent intracellular proliferation also correlate with poor patient outcome. Defining the interactions of this facultative intracellular pathogen with host phagocytes is key to understanding the latter's opposing roles in infection and how they contribute to fungal latency, dissemination, and virulence. We used high-content imaging and a human monocytic cell line to screen 1,201

Cryptococcal cell morphology affects host cell interactions and pathogenicity.

Cryptococcus neoformans is a common life-threatening human fungal pathogen. The size of cryptococcal cells is typically 5 to 10 microm. Cell enlargement was observed in vivo, producing cells up to 100 microm. These morphological changes in cell size affected pathogenicity via reducing phagocytosis by host mononuclear cells, increasing resistance to oxidative and nitrosative stress, and correlated with reduced penetration of the central nervous system. Cell enlargement was stimulated by coinfection with strains of opposite mating type, and ste3aDelta pheromone receptor mutant strains had reduce

HapX positively and negatively regulates the transcriptional response to iron deprivation in Cryptococcus neoformans.

The fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans is a major cause of illness in immunocompromised individuals such as AIDS patients. The ability of the fungus to acquire nutrients during proliferation in host tissue and the ability to elaborate a polysaccharide capsule are critical determinants of disease outcome. We previously showed that the GATA factor, Cir1, is a major regulator both of the iron uptake functions needed for growth in host tissue and the key virulence factors such as capsule, melanin and growth at 37°C. We are interested in further defining the mechanisms of iron acquisition from

[Imaging of thoracic pathology in patients with AIDS].

The imaging features of infectious and non-infectious pathologies in HIV patients with AIDS (less than 200 CD4/mm3) are illustrated. Opportunistic infections, tumors and vascular pathologies have variable appearances based on the degree of immunosuppression and patient compliance with opportunistic infection prophylaxis. Because of advances in retroviral treatments and wider use of anti-infectious prophylaxis, thoracic pathologies in AIDS patients are less frequent but must nonetheless be recognized, and diagnosis should be suggested in patients with unknown serologic status.

Limited contribution of Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 to the host response to a fungal infectious pathogen, Cryptococcus neoformans.

The present study was designed to elucidate the role of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 in the host response to Cryptococcus neoformans. Both TLR2 knockout (KO) and TLR4KO mice produced interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, IL-12p40 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in sera and cleared this fungal pathogen from infected lungs at a comparable level to control littermate (LM) mice. Synthesis of these cytokines was not significantly different in the lungs of these KO mice and LM mice, although IL-1beta, IL-6 and IL-12p40 tended to be lower in TLR2KO, but not TLR4KO, mice than in contr

Diversity of the T-cell response to pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans infection.

Cell-mediated immunity plays an important role in immunity to the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. However, the antigen specificity of the T-cell response to C. neoformans remains largely unknown. In this study, we used two approaches to determine the antigen specificity of the T-cell response to C. neoformans. We report here that a diverse T-cell receptor (TCR) Vbeta repertoire was maintained throughout the primary response to pulmonary C. neoformans infection in immunocompetent mice. CD4+ T-cell deficiency resulted in relative expansion of all CD8+ T-cell subsets. During a secondar

Regulatory effects of macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha/CCL3 on the development of immunity to Cryptococcus neoformans depend on expression of early inflammatory cytokines.

Macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha (MIP-1alpha)/CCL3 prevents the development of eosinophilic pneumonia (EP) driven by a nonprotective T2-type immunity during infection with a highly virulent strain of Cryptococcus neoformans. The present study evaluated the interaction of MIP-1alpha with other innate immune system cytokines by comparing the immune responses that followed pulmonary infections with high- (C. neoformans 145A) and low (C. neoformans 52D)-virulence strains. In contrast to what was found for C. neoformans 145A infection, lack of MIP-1alpha in C. neoformans 52D infection did not

Molecular epidemiology of Cryptococcus neoformans in Brazil and the United States: evidence for both local genetic differences and a global clonal population structure.

Little is known about the global molecular epidemiology of the human pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. We studied 51 clinical and environmental (pigeon excreta) isolates from two cities in Brazil (Belo Horizonte and Rio de Janeiro) by analyzing their carbon assimilation patterns, electrophoretic karyotypes, restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) with the C. neoformans repetitive element-1 (CNRE-1), and URA5 sequences. Results were compared to those previously obtained for isolates from New York City by the same DNA typing methods. Computer-assisted analysis of RFLPs and con

10th Trends in Medical Mycology Held on 8 to 11 October 2021, Aberdeen, Scotland, Organized by the European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM).

Plenary Sessions: [...].

Совпадение в полном тексте источника
… Biologics and targeted therapies associated with increased risk of cryptococcosis. Cryptococcosis has been reported with the use of biologics including TNF- α inhibitors, BTK inhibitors and many others. … The precise risk attributable to each biologic therapy is unclear given that many patients are also receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy or steroids, many are immunosuppressed due to malignancy, and because cryptococcosis also occurs in immunocompetent hosts. …

Clinical Manifestations of Human Exposure to Fungi.

Biological particles, along with inorganic gaseous and particulate pollutants, constitute an ever-present component of the atmosphere and surfaces. Among these particles are fungal species colonizing almost all ecosystems, including the human body. Although inoffensive to most people, fungi can be responsible for several health problems, such as allergic fungal diseases and fungal infections. Worldwide fungal disease incidence is increasing, with new emerging fungal diseases appearing yearly. Reasons for this increase are the expansion of life expectancy, the number of immunocompromised patien

Совпадение в полном тексте источника
… Cryptococcosis is the most prevalent fatal fungal disease worldwide [ 131 ]. … Cryptococcosis Cryptococcosis, an invasive disease caused by the yeastlike fungus Cryptococcus spp., has become a significant infection in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent hosts, frequently associated with significant mortality rates (70% in low-income; 20–30% in high-income countries) [ 211 …

Virtual CROI 2020: Tuberculosis and Coinfections In HIV Infection.

Due to COVID-19, this year marked the first virtual Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) in the conference's 27-year history. There were important studies presented that provided new insights into the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of tuberculosis (TB) and other HIV coinfections. Highlights related to TB and HIV coinfections from this year's meeting are reviewed below.

Cryptococcus laurentii diarrhea post hematopoietic stem cell transplant.

We report the recent isolation of Cryptococcus laurentii from the feces of a patient with Hodgkin's lymphoma who underwent autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). The organism was identified using microscopic morphology, cultural characteristics, and biochemical tests including sugar assimilation. Minimum inhibitory concentration of various antifungals was determined by microbroth dilution method. The recovery of pure culture of C. laurentii from stool culture, and the patient's response to treatment with voriconazole support its potential etiological role. To the best of our kno

The putative autophagy regulator Atg7 affects the physiology and pathogenic mechanisms of Cryptococcus neoformans.

AIM: We investigated the involvement of the autophagy protein 7 (Atg7) in physiology and pathogenic potential of Cryptococcus neoformans. MATERIALS & METHODS: The C. neoformans gene encoding Atg7 was deleted by biolistic transformation for characterization of autophagy mechanisms, pigment formation, cell dimensions, interaction with phagocytes and pathogenic potential in vivo. RESULTS & CONCLUSION: ATG7 deletion resulted in defective autophagy mechanisms, enhanced pigmentation and increased cellular size both in vitro and in vivo. The atg7Δ mutant had decreased survival in the lung of infect

Lipoxin Signaling in Murine Lung Host Responses to Cryptococcus neoformans Infection.

Lipoxins (LX) are proresolving mediators that augment host defense against bacterial infection. Here, we investigated roles for LX in lung clearance of the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans (Cne). After intranasal inoculation of 5,000 CFU Cne, C57BL/6 and C.B-17 mice exhibited strain-dependent differences in Cne clearance, immunologic responses, and lipoxin A4 (LXA4) formation and receptor (ALX/FPR2) expression. Compared with C.B-17 mice, C57BL/6 lungs had increased and persistent Cne infection 14 days after inoculation, increased eosinophils, and distinct profiles of inflammatory cytoki

Molecular epidemiology reveals genetic diversity among 363 isolates of the Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii species complex in 61 Ivorian HIV-positive patients.

Cryptococcal meningitis is a severe opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients. In Ivory Coast, despite the availability of antiretroviral treatment (ART), this infection is still prevalent. The study investigates the genetic diversity of 363 clinical isolates of Cryptococcus from 61 Ivorian HIV-positive patients, the occurrence of mixed infections and the in vitro antifungal susceptibility of the isolates. Serotyping was performed via LAC1 and CAP64 gene amplification. Genotyping was performed using the phage M13 core (GACA)4 and (GTG)5 primers and restriction fragment length polymorphi