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Carcinoembryonic Antigen, Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9, Cancer Antigen 125, Prostate-Specific Antigen and Other Cancer Markers: A Primer on Commonly Used Cancer Markers.

Cancer markers are molecules produced by cancer cells which may serve to identify the presence of cancer. Cancer markers can be differentiated as serum-based, radiology-based and tissue-based, and are one of the most important tools in diagnosing, staging and monitoring of treatment of many cancers. The most used cancer markers are serum cancer markers due to its relative ease and lower cost of testing. However, serum cancer markers have poor mass screening utilization due to poor positive predictive value. Several markers such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA), beta-human chorionic gonadotro

Primary Osteoporosis Induced by Androgen and Estrogen Deficiency: The Molecular and Cellular Perspective on Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Treatments.

Primary osteoporosis is closely linked to hormone deficiency, which disrupts the balance of bone remodeling. It affects postmenopausal women but also significantly impacts older men. Estrogen can promote the production of osteoprotegerin, a decoy receptor for RANKL, thereby preventing RANKL from activating osteoclasts. Furthermore, estrogen promotes osteoblast survival and function via activation of the Wnt signaling pathway. Likewise, androgens play a critical role in bone metabolism, primarily through their conversion to estrogen in men. Estrogen deficiency accelerates bone resorption throug

Liver Disease Associated with Non-Hepatitis Viruses

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… After primary infection there is replication of varicella zoster virus in the epithelia of gut, respiratory tract, liver and endocrine glands. Secondary viraemia then leads to infection of the skin and causes the typical rash. …

CAR-T therapy for neuroendocrine neoplasms: a review of molecular targets and clinical translation.

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) represent a heterogeneous group of malignancies. In metastatic and progressive forms, standard therapies are often ineffective. CAR-T therapy, which has demonstrated remarkable efficacy in hematologic malignancies, is considered a promising approach for NEN treatment, despite significant barriers inherent to solid tumors. This review aims to comprehensively analyze and systematize current scientific data on the development of CAR-T therapy for NENs of various origins. It focuses on relevant molecular targets, preclinical findings demonstrating the efficacy and s

Adolescent and Young Adult (AYA) Cancer Survivorship Practices: An Overview.

Worldwide, more than 1.2 million adolescents and young adults (AYAs; those aged 15-39 years) are diagnosed with cancer each year. Although considerable variability exists according to cancer site and stage of disease, the 5-year relative survival at the time of diagnosis has been estimated at >80% for all AYA patients with cancer combined. Extensive survivorship research in recent decades has focused on patients diagnosed with cancer as children (39 years), yet few studies to date have reported outcomes specifically for patients diagnosed as AYAs. With increasing incidence and improving surviv

HDAC Inhibition Induces PD-L1 Expression in a Novel Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cell Line.

While papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) has largely favorable prognosis, anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare but extremely aggressive malignancy with grim clinical outcome. Even though new therapeutic options are emerging for ATC, additional preclinical models and novel combinations are needed for specific subsets of patients. We established a novel cell line (PF49) from the malignant pleural effusion of a 68-year-old male patient with ATC that rapidly transformed from a BRAF and TERT promoter mutant PTC. PF49 cells demonstrated a robust migratory activity in vitro and strong invasive capac

The Role of Exercise in Cancer-Related Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity.

One of the most common adverse effects of cancer and its therapeutic strategies is sarcopenia, a condition which is characterised by excess muscle wasting and muscle strength loss due to the disrupted muscle homeostasis. Moreover, cancer-related sarcopenia may be combined with the increased deposition of fat mass, a syndrome called cancer-associated sarcopenic obesity. Both clinical conditions have significant clinical importance and can predict disease progression and survival. A growing body of evidence supports the claim that physical exercise is a safe and effective complementary therapy f

Chemistry and Pharmacology of Fluorinated Drugs Approved by the FDA (2016-2022).

Fluorine is characterized by high electronegativity and small atomic size, which provide this molecule with the unique property of augmenting the potency, selectivity, metabolic stability, and pharmacokinetics of drugs. Fluorine (F) substitution has been extensively explored in drug research as a means of improving biological activity and enhancing chemical or metabolic stability. Selective F substitution onto a therapeutic or diagnostic drug candidate can enhance several pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties such as metabolic stability and membrane permeation. The increased binding a

Existing and emerging strategies for fertility preservation in female patients with leukemia.

Leukemia, the most common malignancy in childhood, affects individuals from prepubertal girl to women of reproductive age. It originates from immature hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow and disseminates systemically via the blood and lymphatic circulations. Although survival rates have improved substantially, standard treatments, including intensive chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, often combined with total body irradiation, are highly gonadotoxic. Consequently, a significant proportion of survivors experience long-term endocrine dysfunction and infertility, with f

Modeling osteoporosis to design and optimize pharmacological therapies comprising multiple drug types.

For the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis, several drug classes with different mechanisms of action are available. Since only a limited set of dosing regimens and drug combinations can be tested in clinical trials, it is currently unclear whether common medication strategies achieve optimal bone mineral density gains or are outperformed by alternative dosing schemes and combination therapies that have not been explored so far. Here, we develop a mathematical framework of drug interventions for postmenopausal osteoporosis that unifies fundamental mechanisms of bone remodeling and the mec

Childhood Cancer: Occurrence, Treatment and Risk of Second Primary Malignancies.

Cancer represents the leading cause of disease-related death and treatment-associated morbidity in children with an increasing trend in recent decades worldwide. Nevertheless, the 5-year survival of childhood cancer patients has been raised impressively to more than 80% during the past decades, primarily attributed to improved diagnostic technologies and multiagent cytotoxic regimens. This strong benefit of more efficient tumor control and prolonged survival is compromised by an increased risk of adverse and fatal late sequelae. Long-term survivors of pediatric tumors are at the utmost risk fo

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… Adverse events related to immunologic strategies are triggered by multiple pathways including autoreactive T cells, autoantibodies, and cytokine release, and most commonly involve the gastrointestinal tract, endocrine glands, skin, and liver and necessitate close and extended monitoring [ 76 , 77 , 78 …

Gossypol and Its Natural Derivatives: Multitargeted Phytochemicals as Potential Drug Candidates for Oncologic Diseases.

Despite the vast amounts of research and remarkable discoveries that have been made in recent decades, cancer remains a leading cause of death and a major public health concern worldwide. Gossypol, a natural polyphenolic compound derived from the seeds, roots, and stems of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), was first used as a male contraceptive agent. Due to its diverse biological properties, including antifertility, antiviral, antioxidant, antibacterial, antimalarial, and most notably antitumor activities, gossypol has been the subject of numerous studies. Nevertheless, no systematic review has

Polypharmacy and medication use in patients with chronic kidney disease with and without kidney replacement therapy compared to matched controls.

BackgroundThis study aims to examine polypharmacy (PP) prevalence in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) Stage G4/G5 and patients with kidney replacement therapy (KRT) compared with matched controls from the general population. Furthermore, we examine risk factors for PP and describe the most commonly dispensed medications.MethodsDutch health claims data were used to identify three patient groups: CKD Stage G4/G5, dialysis and kidney transplant patients. Each patient was matched to two controls based on age, sex and socio-economic status (SES) score. We differentiated between 'all medic

The anti-tumour effects of zoledronic acid.

Bone is the most common site for metastasis in patients with solid tumours. Bisphosphonates are an effective treatment for preventing skeletal related events and preserving quality of life in these patients. Zoledronic acid (ZA) is the most potent osteoclast inhibitor and is licensed for the treatment of bone metastases. Clodronate and pamidronate are also licensed for this indication. In addition, ZA has been demonstrated to exhibit antitumour effect. Direct and indirect mechanisms of anti-tumour effect have been postulated and at many times proven. Evidence exists that ZA antitumour effect i

Enhancing Adverse Event Identification and Management in Early-Phase Oncology Clinical Trials: The Emerging Role of Advanced Practice Providers.

BackgroundAdverse events (AEs) are unintended, harmful effects that occur in clinical trials, particularly in early-phase oncology clinical trials (EPOCT), where the risk of adverse effects from experimental therapies is high. Effective AE identification and management are essential for ensuring patient safety, improving outcomes, and advancing research. Advanced practice providers (APPs) play a key role in detecting and managing AEs, serving as a bridge between clinical care and research. However, their full impact on EPOCT remains underexplored.PurposeThis integrative review examines existin

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… They can also manifest as various autoimmune responses, affecting organs such as the skin, gastrointestinal tract, endocrine glands, and lungs. …

Реальная медикаментозность атумумаба при множественном склерозе: всеобъемлющий анализ данных FAERS.

Офатумумаб, полностью человеческий моноколональный антитело, направленный на CD20, утвержден для лечения повторного множественных склерозов. Всеобъемлющие данные о безопасности в реальном мире имеют решающее значение для информирования о клинической практике. МЕТОДЫ: База данных Системы отчетности об отрицательных событиях УЛХ использовалась для проведения непропорционального анализа, охватывающего отчеты за период с 3 2020 года по 2 2024 год, в которых атумумаб был определен в качестве основного предполагаемого наркотика. Применявшиеся статистические подходы включали в себя соотношение "

Interferon-Related Depression: A Primer on Mechanisms, Treatment, and Prevention of a Common Clinical Problem.

BACKGROUND: Depression is among the commonest of psychiatric disorders, and inflammatory mechanisms have been suggested to play a role in its pathophysiology. Interferons are a superfamily of proinflammatory cytokines that play a role in host defence mechanisms. Interferons are used in the treatment of a variety of autoimmune (e.g. multiple sclerosis), viral (e.g. chronic hepatitis B and C), and malignant (e.g. malignant melanoma, hairy cell leukemia) disorders; depression, however, is a notable and clinically troublesome adverse effect. OBJECTIVE: This article seeks to present a simple expla

Green Tea Catechins for Prostate Cancer Prevention: Present Achievements and Future Challenges.

Green tea catechins (GTCs) are a family of chemically related compounds usually classified as antioxidant molecules. Epidemiological evidences, supported by interventional studies, highlighted a more than promising role for GTCs in human prostate cancer (PCa) chemoprevention. In the last decades, many efforts have been made to gain new insights into the mechanism of action of GTCs. Now it is clear that GTCs' anticancer action can no longer be simplistically limited to their direct antioxidant/pro-oxidant properties. Recent contributions to the advancement of knowledge in this field have shown

Double jeopardy: how BRCA2, TP53, and DNMT3A redefine the link between infertility and cancer risk.

BackgroundGermline mutations in genes governing DNA repair, cell cycle regulation, and epigenetic modification are now recognized as common etiological factors for both cancer predisposition and reproductive dysfunction. This reveals a profound intersection between reproductive biology and oncogenesis.MethodA systematic narrative review was conducted. The literature search spanned PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science using keywords and MeSH terms related to infertility phenotypes, cancer predisposition syndromes, and shared molecular mechanisms (e.g., DNA repair, epigenetics).OutcomesThe

MR imaging findings in some rare neurological complications of paediatric cancer.

Neurological complications of paediatric cancers are a substantial problem. Complications can be primary from central nervous system (CNS) spread or secondary from indirect or remote effects of cancer, as well as cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy. In this review, we present the clinical and imaging findings of rare but important neurological complications in paediatric patients with cancer. Neurological complications are classified into three phases: pre-treatment, treatment and post-remission. Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes, hyperviscosity syndrome, haemophag