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The Use of Calcium Sulphate as a Drug Delivery System in Lower Limb Amputation.

Background Amputation in the lower limb can be a challenging procedure both for the surgeon and the patient. Common complications include revision of amputation and wound infection, increasing morbidity to patients and putting further pressure on stretched health services. We describe a simple technique used in lower limb amputation using an antibiotic-loaded calcium sulphate bone graft placed in the medullary canal and soft tissues to control haemostasis and deliver a high dose of antibiotics locally into the wound bed. Methodology We describe a series of 17 lower limb amputations in 15 patie

Revolution of AAV in Drug Discovery: From Delivery System to Clinical Application.

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a non-enveloped DNA virus infecting a wide variety of species, tissues, and cell types, which is recognized as a safe and effective method for delivering therapeutic transgenes. AAV vector is the most popular viral gene delivery system in clinical delivery systems with unique and multiple advantages, such as tissue tropism, transduction specificity, long-lasting gene expression, low immune responses, and without host chromosome incorporation. Till now, four AAV-based gene therapy drugs have already been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or Eu

Harnessing albumin as a carrier for the delivery of anti-HIV drugs to the lymphatic system.

The persistence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoirs in the lymphatic system remains a major obstacle to a complete cure, largely due to subtherapeutic concentrations of antiretrovirals (ARVs) in lymphatic tissues under current regimens. Developing innovative strategies to enhance ARV delivery to lymphatic tissues could therefore represent a paradigm shift in the pursuit of an HIV cure. Here, we describe a delivery strategy involving an Evans Blue (EB)-based prodrug conjugated with dolutegravir (DTG), a model ARV. This construct is designed to bind albumin with high affinity, facil

Development of a novel SupraChoroidal-to-Optic-NervE (SCONE) drug delivery system.

PURPOSE: Targeted drug delivery to the optic nerve head may be useful in the preclinical study and later clinical management of optic neuropathies, however, there are no FDA-approved drug delivery systems to achieve this. The purpose of this work was to develop an optic nerve head drug delivery technique. METHODS: Different strategies to approach the optic nerve head were investigated, including standard intravitreal and retroorbital injections. A novel SupraChoroidal-to-Optic-NervE (SCONE) delivery was optimized by creating a sclerotomy and introducing a catheter into the suprachoroidal spac…

Recent trends in the treatment of vitiligo using novel drug delivery system.

Vitiligo is a complex dermatological disorder involving the loss of melanocytes, with resultant patches of depigmentation. It affects 1% of the world population, affecting patients' mental health and quality of life. With all the improvement seen, conventional treatment methods-steroids, phototherapy, and immunomodulators-come with the limitations of being less effective, having more side effects, and low compliance. Advances in novel drug delivery systems now provide promising alternatives for better therapy. The general view of the pathophysiology of vitiligo is provided in this manuscript, …

Effectiveness of Novel Drug Delivery System using Curcumin in Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a form of brain degeneration that gradually impairs a person's memory and cognitive skills, eventually making it harder for them to perform everyday activities. Its pathophysiology has been attributed to the deposition of amyloid β (Aβ), neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), and α-synuclein (A-s) in some cases. Presently, 4 drugs have been approved for the treatment. They are Donepezil, Rivastigmine, Galantamine and Memantine. The first three are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, while memantine is an NMDA receptor antagonist. Even though these medications are successful in

Microneedles as transdermal drug delivery system for enhancing skin disease treatment.

Microneedles (MNs) serve as a revolutionary paradigm in transdermal drug delivery, heralding a viable resolution to the formidable barriers presented by the cutaneous interface. This review examines MNs as an advanced approach to enhancing dermatological pathology management. It explores the complex dermis structure and highlights the limitations of traditional transdermal methods, emphasizing MNs' advantage in bypassing the stratum corneum to deliver drugs directly to the subdermal matrix. The discourse outlines the diverse typologies of MNs, including solid, coated, hollow, hydrogel, and dis

Utilizing extracellular vesicles as a drug delivery system in glaucoma and RGC degeneration.

Retinal diseases are the leading cause of blindness, resulting in irreversible degeneration and death of retinal neurons. One such cell type, the retinal ganglion cell (RGC), is responsible for connecting the retina to the rest of the brain through its axons that make up the optic nerve and is the primary cell lost in glaucoma and traumatic optic neuropathy. To date, different therapeutic strategies have been investigated to protect RGCs from death and preserve vision, yet currently available strategies are restricted to treating neuron loss by reducing intraocular pressure. A major barrier id

Lubricating Microneedles System with Multistage Sustained Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a typical joint degenerative disease that is prevalent worldwide and significantly affects the normal activities of patients. Traditional treatments using diclofenac (DCF) as an anti-inflammatory drug by oral administration and transdermal delivery have many inherent deficiencies. In this study, a lubricating microneedles (MNs) system for the treatment of osteoarthritis with multistage sustained drug delivery and great reduction in skin damage during MNs penetration is developed. The bilayer dissolvable MNs system, namely HA-DCF@PDMPC, is prepared by designating the comp

Research progress of nano delivery systems for intraocular pressure lowering drugs.

Glaucoma is a chronic ocular disease characterized by optic atrophy and visual field defect. The main risk factor for glaucoma onset and progression is elevated intraocular pressure, which is caused by increased aqueous humor outflow resistance. Currently, the primary method for glaucoma therapy is the use of intraocular pressure lowering drugs. However, these drugs, when administered through eye drops, have low bioavailability, require frequent administration, and often result in adverse effects. To overcome these challenges, the application of nanotechnology for drug delivery has emerged as

An Overview of Polymeric Nanoparticles-Based Drug Delivery System in Cancer Treatment.

Cancer is recognized as one of the world's deadliest diseases, with more than 10 million new cases each year. Over the past 2 decades, several studies have been performed on cancer to pursue solutions for effective treatment. One of the vital benefits of utilizing nanoparticles (NPs) in cancer treatment is their high adaptability for modification and amalgamation of different physicochemical properties to boost their anti-cancer activity. Various nanomaterials have been designed as nanocarriers attributing nontoxic and biocompatible drug delivery systems with improved bioactivity. The present …

Recent Insights on Drug Delivery System in Hypertension: From Bench to Market.

Hypertension is a significant hazardous aspect for several diseases, like cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, and brain disease. Hypertension has become the most lethal condition globally, affecting approximately 1 billion people aged around 30-79 years worldwide. In the year 2022, India was ranked 170th for men and 193rd for women for HTN diagnosis rates among 200 countries worldwide. The main risk factor for cardiac failure and stroke is hypertension. The conventional classes of antihypertensive medications currently available have some side effects. Previously, hypertension has been dis

Emulgels: a promising topical drug delivery system for arthritis management and care.

BACKGROUND: Emulgels, hybrid formulations of emulsions and gels, offer distinct benefits viz. extended release, enhanced bioavailability, and targeted drug delivery to inflamed joints, thereby minimizing systemic side effects, and maximizing therapeutic efficacy in targeting the diseases. Oral medications and topical creams have limitations viz. limited permeation, efficacy, and side effects. Arthritis is a prevalent chronic inflammatory disorder affecting a substantial global population of about 350 million necessitating the exploration of innovative and effective treatment approaches. Inflam

A tunable and injectable local drug delivery system for personalized periodontal application.

In periodontal treatment, patient differences in disease phenotype and treatment responses are well documented. Therefore, therapy duration and dosage should be tailored to the requirements of individual patients. To facilitate such personalized medication, a tunable and controllable system is needed to deliver drugs directly into the diseased periodontal pockets. The current study established a system to achieve different drug release rates and periods by incorporating bioactive agents into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres dispersed into a novel thermo-reversible polyisocyano

Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery System: A Patient-Friendly Chemotherapy for Oncology.

Chemotherapy is widely used to treat cancer. The toxic effect of conventional chemotherapeutic drugs on healthy cells leads to serious toxic and side effects of conventional chemotherapy. The application of nanotechnology in tumor chemotherapy can increase the specificity of anticancer agents, increase the killing effect of tumors, and reduce toxic and side effects. Currently, a variety of formulations based on nanoparticles (NPs) for delivering chemotherapeutic drugs have been put into clinical use, and several others are in the stage of development or clinical trials. In this review, after b

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… Active targeting uses different molecules overexpressed in tumor cells to design selective NP-based drug delivery systems that recognize specific targets. … The benefits of active targeted drug delivery systems are expected to be huge compared to equivalent passive targeted drug delivery systems. There is no doubt that nanocarriers, especially NPs-based drug delivery systems, will exist as the main treatment in the future. …

Stimuli-responsive In situ gelling system for nose-to-brain drug delivery.

The diagnosis and treatment of neurological ailments always remain an utmost challenge for research fraternity due to the presence of BBB. The intranasal route appeared as an attractive and alternative route for brain targeting of therapeutics without the intrusion of BBB and GI exposure. This route directly and effectively delivers the therapeutics to different regions of the brain via olfactory and trigeminal nerve pathways. However, shorter drug retention time and mucociliary clearance curtail the efficiency of the intranasal route. The in situ mucoadhesive gel overthrow the limitations of

Formulation Studies of Solid Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System of Ivermectin.

BACKGROUND: The suggested dose of ivermectin is 300 μG/kg/day for onchocerciasis but it has low water solubility and poor oral bioavailability. AIM: To prepare and evaluate a solid lipid-based self-emulsifying drug delivery system of ivermectin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Based on supersaturated solubility study, oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant were selected. On the basis of ternary phase diagrams and simplex-lattice design, self-emulsifying, drug delivery formulations had been developed and optimized. Ivermectin-excipients compatibility studies were performed using differential scanning calo

Mucosal delivery systems of antihypertensive drugs: A practical approach in general practice.

Patients who are unable to receive oral medication (p.o.) are a major problem in outpatient settings, especially in home health care systems. Mucosal administration of drugs offers an alternative to the oral route, especially when the parenteral mode cannot be used. There are three main pathways of mucosal administration: sublingual/buccal, intranasal and rectal. We discuss the possibility of mucosal delivery of antihypertensive drugs. Perindopril arginine and Amlodipine besylate are registered in the EU as orodispersible tablets for oromucosal delivery, however, they are not available in all

Development and Characterization of Solid Self-emulsifying Drug Delivery System of Cilnidipine.

The present investigations highlight the development of solid self-emulsifying drug delivery system (solid-SEDDS) for improved oral delivery of the poorly water-soluble drug; cilnidipine. Liquid SEDDS of the drug were formulated using Capryol 90 as the oil phase, Tween 80 as the surfactant, and Transcutol HP as the co-surfactant after screening various vehicles. The prepared systems were characterized for self-emulsification time, robustness to dilution, % transmittance, globule size, drug release, and thermodynamic stability. Ternary phase diagrams were plotted to identify the area of microem

Advance of the application of nano-controlled release system in ophthalmic drug delivery.

The ocular prescription application of nanometer materials are mainly concentrated in controlled release systems. Due to the unique properties of nanometer materials such as higher bioavailability and less side effects, it has great advantages in carrying ocular drugs of eye diseases compared with the traditional dosing method. As a result, nano-controlled release system has good application prospect in eye diseases. At present, a variety of different types of nano-controlled release systems have been used to enhance the efficiency of the ocular drugs including nanomicelles, nanoparticles, nan