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Diagnosis of HDV: From virology to non-invasive markers of fibrosis.

Hepatitis D viral infection in humans is a disease that requires the establishment of hepatitis B, relying on hepatitis B surface Ag and host cellular machinery to replicate and propagate the infection. Since its discovery in 1977, substantial progress has been made to better understand the hepatitis D viral life cycle, pathogenesis and modes of transmission along with expanding on clinical knowledge related to prevention, diagnosis, monitoring and treatment. The availability of serologic diagnostic assays for hepatitis D infection has evolved over time with current widespread availability, im…

Vitamin D Attenuates Hepatic Sinusoidal Capillarization in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus- Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease via Dual Autophagy Activation and Pyroptosis Suppression in Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells.

Background/Objectives: Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is closely associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), where T2DM serves as a crucial driving factor for MAFLD progression. While vitamin D (VD) demonstrates protective effects against MAFLD, the underlying mechanisms through which it influences MAFLD-related liver sinusoidal endothelial cell (LSEC) capillarization remain to be elucidated. This study aimed to explore how vitamin D ameliorates LSEC capillarization in T2DM-associated MAFLD. Methods: Culture human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (HLSECs) a

Concentrations of vitamin B12 and folate in maternal serum and fetal fluids, metabolite interrelationships, and hepatic transcript abundance of key folate and methionine cycle genes: the impacts of maternal nutrition during the first 50 d of gestation.

Adequate maternal nutrition is key for proper fetal development and epigenetic programming. One-carbon metabolites (OCM), including vitamin B12, folate, choline, and methionine, play a role in epigenetic mechanisms associated with developmental programming. This study investigated the presence of B12 and folate in maternal serum, allantoic fluid (ALF), and amniotic fluid (AMF), as well as how those concentrations in all three fluids correlate to the concentrations of methionine-folate cycle intermediates in heifers receiving either a control (CON) or restricted (RES) diet for the first 50 d of

Determination of hepatitis delta virus RNA by polymerase chain reaction in acute and chronic delta infection.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) RNA detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in acute and chronic D hepatitis and to correlate with HDV-RNA detection by dot blot and hepatic delta antigen. Serum samples from 33 patients with acute hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive hepatitis (15 with hepatitis B and D coinfection, 8 with HDV superinfection, and 10 with acute hepatitis B), 85 patients with chronic HBsAg-positive hepatitis (73 with chronic D hepatitis and 12 with chronic B hepatitis), and consecutive serum samples from nine …

A Review of HDV Infection.

Hepatitis D is the most severe viral hepatitis. Hepatitis D virus (HDV) has a very small RNA genome with unique biological properties. It requires for infection the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and is transmitted parenterally, mainly by superinfection of HBsAg carriers who then develop chronic hepatitis D. HDV has been brought under control in high-income countries by the implementation of HBV vaccination, and the clinical pattern has changed to a chronic hepatitis D seen in ageing patients with advanced fibrotic disease; the disease remains a major health concern in developing countrie…

Changing Pattern of HDV Infection in Italy Over 40 Years; the Current Scenario and the Impending Challenge.

Since the initial description of HDV, in the last four decades Italy has witnessed a profound decline of the infection driven by HBV vaccination, contrasted however by the reconstitution of a viral reservoir through migratory flows from endemic HDV areas; in parallel, the medical scenario has changed, resulting in different clinical outcomes. The epidemiological and clinical changes were documented by national surveys performed up to 2025, which provided an ongoing perspective on the long-term evolution of HDV, highlighting the temporal trends in prevalence, risk factors, and clinical features

Гепатит дельта-вирус и гепатоцеллюлярная карцинома: обновление.

Гепатит дельта вирус (HDV) является дефектным вирусом РНК, который зависит от наличия вируса гепатита В (HBV) для создания новых вирионов и распространения инфекции на гепатоциты. Хроническая инфекция ВИЧ-инфекции, как правило, связана с усилением инфекции ГБВ, что чаще приводит к циррозу, повышению риска декомпенсии печени и гепатоцеллюлярной карциноме (ГК). Несмотря на наблюдавшееся в течение нескольких лет постепенное сокращение масштабов острого и хронического ВИЧ-инфицирования, главным образом в результате усиления глобальной политики в области здравоохранения и массовой вакцинации против

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a defective RNA virus that depends on the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) for the creation of new virions and propagation of the infection to hepatocytes. Chronic infection with HDV is usually associated with a worsening of HBV infection, leading more frequently to cirrhosis, increased risk of liver decompensation and hepat…

[The prevalence of the HBsAg carrier state among pregnant women and its effect on newborn infants. V. A follow-up of the processes of HBsAg clearance in pregnant women discovered as antigen carriers].

When studying the process of cleaning from HBsAg of 43 women, discovered as carriers during 8 1.m. is found essential continuity of persisting of the antigen from 1 to 6 years. The full cleaning from the antigen is found in 13 women (30.23%) and in the other 30 (69.77%) is found lasting persisting as of HBsAg and of the other markers of viral hepatitis B and viral hepatitis D. In the enlarged serological investigation for presence of the markers of viral hepatitis B and viral hepatitis D and complex clinical and paraclinical investigation is found that in the form of carriers of HBsAg are hidd…

The prevalence of hepatitis delta virus infection in acute and chronic liver diseases in Turkey: an analysis of clinical studies.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The objective of this study was to review the studies on hepatitis D virus-related liver diseases and to evaluate the national and regional outcomes in order to identify the hepatitis D virus infection in Turkey. METHODS: This retrospective study included 2182 acute viral hepatitis, 6613 inactive HBsAg carriers, 5961 chronic hepatitis B, 1264 liver cirrhosis and 748 hepatocellular carcinoma cases, who were evaluated for anti-hepatitis D virus positivity at several centers in Turkey since 1980's. ELISA method was used and the results were statistically evaluated. RESULTS: The…

Advances in hepatitis delta research: emerging insights and future directions.

OBJECTIVES: Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a defective virus needing the envelope provided by hepatitis B virus (HBV) in order to enter liver cells and propagate. Chronic HDV infection is considered the most severe viral hepatitis, resulting in accelerated fibrosis progression until cirrhosis and its complications (hepatocellular carcinoma, liver decompensation) compared with HBV mono-infected patients. Off-label treatment with interferon has represented the only treatment option in the last 40 years, resulting in suboptimal virological response rates and being limited by safety issues especia…

HDV RNA assays: Performance characteristics, clinical utility, and challenges.

Coinfection with HBV and HDV results in hepatitis D, the most severe form of chronic viral hepatitis, frequently leading to liver decompensation and HCC. Pegylated interferon alpha, the only treatment option for chronic hepatitis D for many years, has limited efficacy. New treatments are in advanced clinical development, with one recent approval. Diagnosis and antiviral treatment response monitoring are based on detection and quantification of HDV RNA. However, the development of reliable HDV RNA assays is challenged by viral heterogeneity (at least 8 different genotypes and several subgenotyp…

Combination of Novel Therapies for HDV.

Treatment options for HDV have been limited to interferon alfa-based therapies with its poor efficacy to side effects ratio. Several novel therapies have now advanced into the clinic. As they each have a different mechanism of action, there is the potential for combination therapy. Here we review how studying the HDV life cycle has led to the development of these novel therapies, the key developments leading to, and the details of, the first combination study of novel anti-HDV therapies, and suggest what additional combinations of novel therapies can be anticipated as we enter this exciting ne

Multiple viral infection as the most common cause of fulminant and subfulminant viral hepatitis in an area endemic for hepatitis B: application and limitations of the polymerase chain reaction.

We tested serum samples from 25 fulminant hepatitis and 7 subfulminant hepatitis patients for hepatitis A, B, C, D and E viral markers and nucleic acids by means of polymerase chain reaction to determine the role of each virus on such catastrophic events in an area endemic for hepatitis B. Of these 32 patients, 14 (44%) were hepatitis B virus carriers with hepatitis D virus superinfection (1 with hepatitis C virus infection), 3 others had coexisting hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections, 6 had reactivation of underlying chronic hepatitis B, 4 had acute hepatitis B, 2 had acute hep…

Epidemiology of acute and chronic hepatitis B and delta over the last 5 decades in Italy.

The spread of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has gradually decreased in Italy in the last 5 decades as shown by the steady reduction in t … nearly 3% in the 1980s to 1% in 2010. Linked to HBV by its characteristics of defective virus, the hepatitis delta virus (HDV) has shown a similar epidemiological impact on the Italian population over time. The incidence of acute HDV infection decreased from 3.2/100000 inhabitants in 1987 to 0.8/100000 in 2010 and the prevalence of HDV infection in HBsAg chr …

What is the Path Forward to Treat Hepatitis Delta Virus?: Old Treatments and New Options.

HDV use the cell enzymes for its own replication, and the HBsAg as an envelope. There is an urgent need to develop new drugs for chronic hepatitis D (CHD). Pegylated interferon alpha (PEG-IFNα) (direct-antiviral and immune modulator) has been used and recommended by scientific guidelines, although not approved, with moderate efficacy and poor tolerability. There are several drugs in development which target the host: bulevirtide (BLV), lonafarnib (LNF), nucleic acid polymer, and others.

Association of hepatitis delta virus with liver morbidity and mortality: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Studies have suggested that patients with chronic hepatitis B, either co- or superinfected, have more aggressive liver disease progression than those with the HDV. This systematic literature review and meta-analysis examined whether HDV RNA status is associated with increased risk of advanced liver disease events in patients who are HBsAg and HDV antibody positive. APPROACH AND RESULTS: A total of 12 publications were included. Relative rates of progression to advanced liver disease event for HDV RNA+/detectable versus HDV RNA-/undetectable were extracted for analysis. Re

IgA class antibodies to hepatitis delta virus antigen in acute and chronic hepatitis delta virus infections.

Sera from 31 patients with chronic hepatitis delta virus infection and 18 patients with acute hepatitis delta virus infection were examined for IgA class antibodies to this virus using a newly developed enzyme immunoassay. IgA antibody to hepatitis D virus was detected in 21 (67.7%) of 31 patients with chronic delta viral hepatitis, but in only 1 (5.6%) of the 18 patients with acute infection (p less than 0.0005). Of the 21 patients with chronic delta hepatitis with IgA antibody to hepatitis D virus, 19 (90.5%) had moderate-to-severe activity on liver biopsy: 18 of the 21 had histological feat…