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Persistent symptoms and clinical findings in adults with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19/post-COVID-19 syndrome in the second year after acute infection: A population-based, nested case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Self-reported health problems following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection are common and of … rcise intolerance with post-exertional malaise (PEM) for >14 h and symptoms compatible with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome were reported by 35.6% and 11.6% of participants with persistent PCS patients, respectively. In analyses adjusted for sex-age class combinations, study centre and university entrance qualification, significant differences be …

Multidisciplinary collaborative guidance on the assessment and treatment of patients with Long COVID: A compendium statement.

BACKGROUND: In 2021, the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation established the Multi-Disciplinary Post-Acute Sequelae of … Long COVID closely resembles other infection-associated chronic conditions (IACCs) such as myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, the guidance in this compendium may also be helpful for clinicians managing these related conditions. METHODS: Guidance in this compendium was developed by the collaborative's established modified Delphi approach. The coll …

Uncommon Non-MS Demyelinating Disorders of the Central Nervous System.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Definitive diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) requires exclusion of other central nervous system (CNS) disorders sharin … redilection for relapses of optic neuritis and transverse myelitis. In addition, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a well-recognized phenotype of MOG antibody disease in children. About 42% of NMOSD patients who test seronegative for the AQP4 antibody test positive for MOG antibodies. MOG antibody disease has thus recently emerged as a distinct entity …

Stem cells and nervous tissue repair: from in vitro to in vivo.

Recent development in stem cell biology has indicated a new possible approach for the treatment of neurological diseases. However, in spite of tremendous hope generated, we are still on the way to understand if the use of stem cells to repair mature brain and spinal cord is a reliable possibility. In particular, we know very little on the in situ regulation of adult neural stem, and this also negatively impact on cell transplant possibilities. In this chapter we will discuss issues concerning the role and function of stem cells in neurological diseases, with regard to the impact of features of

Muscle symptoms and a latent physiological symptom-dysregulation factor in ME/CFS: exploratory analyses by sex and age-defined menopausal-status proxy group.

BACKGROUND: Muscle-related symptoms are among the most disabling manifestations of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), yet their position within the broader symptom architecture of the disease remains unclear. We hypothesized that muscle symptoms may represent a candidate integrative symptom within a broader shared symptom-dysregulation structure and their symptom associations differ according to sex and menopausal status. METHODS: Cross-sectional data from 736 individuals with physician-diagnosed ME/CFS enrolled in the APAV-ME/CFS registry were analysed. Muscle probl…

Glutamate, T cells and multiple sclerosis.

Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system, where it induces multiple beneficial and essential effects. Yet, e … elves via their own glutamate. Multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) are mediated by autoimmune T cells. In MS and EAE, there are excess glutamate levels, and multiple abnormalities in glutamate degrading enzymes, glutamate transporters, glutamate receptors and glutamate signaling. Some GluR antagonists block E …

Endogenous collagen peptide activation of CD1d-restricted NKT cells ameliorates tissue-specific inflammation in mice.

NKT cells in the mouse recognize antigen in the context of the MHC class I-like molecule CD1d and play an important role in peripheral tolerance and protection against autoimmune and other diseases. NKT cells are usually activated by CD1d-presented lipid antigens. However, peptide recognition in the context of CD1 has also been documented, although no self-peptide ligands have been reported to date. Here, we have identified an endogenous peptide that is presented by CD1d to activate mouse NKT cells. This peptide, the immunodominant epitope from mouse collagen type II (mCII707-721), was not ass

Peripheral nerve injury alters blood-spinal cord barrier functional and molecular integrity through a selective inflammatory pathway.

Peripheral nerve lesion triggers alterations in the spinal microenvironment that contribute to the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. While neurons and glia have been implicated in these functional changes, it remains largely underexplored whether the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) is also involved. The BSCB is an important component in the CNS homeostasis, and compromised BSCB has been associated with different pathologies affecting the spinal cord. Here, we demonstrated that a remote injury on the peripheral nerve in rats triggered a leakage of the BSCB, which was independent of spinal micr

Effects of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programmes on community rates of HPV-related disease and harms from vaccination.

BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination has the potential to enhance prevention of cervical cancer, especially in countries where … th an increased risk of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis, paralysis, complex regional pain syndrome, premature ovarian failure, infertility or sexual activity (all moderate-certainty evidence). There was evidence that suggests HPV vaccination was not associated with an increased risk of Guillain-Barré syn …

Exercise therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome.

Editorial noteA statement from the Editor in Chief about this review and its planned update is available here: https://www.cochrane.org/news/cfsBackgroundChronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) or myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) is a serious disorder characterised by persistent postexertional fatigue and substantial symptoms related to cognitive, immune and autonomous dysfunction. There is no specific diagnostic test, therefore diagnostic criteria are used to diagnose CFS. The prevalence of CFS varies by type of diagnostic criteria used. Existing treatment strategies primarily aim to relieve symptoms an…

Exercise therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome.

EDITORIAL NOTE: Editorial note (19 December 2024; amended 31 January 2025; amended 25 March 2025): This Cochrane review was published in 2019 and includes studies from searches up to 9 May 2014. A pilot project for engaging interest holders in the development of an update of this Cochrane review was initiated on 2 October 2019 and has now been discontinued. Editorial note (2 October 2019): A statement from the Editor in Chief about this review and its planned update is available at https://www.cochrane.org/news/cfs BACKGROUND: Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) or myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) i…

Diagnosis and Treatment of Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes.

Paraneoplastic antibody syndromes result from the anti-tumor antibody response against normal antigens ectopically expressed by tumor cells. Although this antibody response plays an important role in helping clear a nascent or established tumor, the engagement of antigens expressed in healthy tissues can lead to complex clinical syndromes with challenging diagnosis and management. The majority of known paraneoplastic antibody syndromes have been found to affect the central and peripheral nervous system. The present review provides an update on the pathophysiology of paraneoplastic neurologic s

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… Paraneoplastic Encephalomyelitis Paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis (PEM) is a multifocal disorder affecting multiple levels of the neuraxis, including the brain and the spinal cord. … In one series examining 200 patients with SCLC and anti-Hu antibodies exhibiting paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis, tumor-directed treatment, regardless of whether immunotherapy was administered to treat the encephalomyelitis directly, resulted in 4.5 × greater odds of an improvement or stabilization …

Smallpox vaccination and adverse reactions. Guidance for clinicians.

The guidance in this report is for evaluation and treatment of patients with complications from smallpox vaccination in the preoutbreak sett … Central nervous system disease, which includes postvaccinial encephalopathy (PVE) and postvaccinial encephalomyelitis (or encephalitis) (PVEM), occur after smallpox vaccination. PVE is most common among infants aged < 12 months. Clinical symptoms of central nervous system disease indicate cerebral or cerebellar dysfunction with headache, fever, vomiting, altered me …

Nerve Growth Factor and Autoimmune Diseases.

NGF plays a crucial immunomodulatory role and increased levels are found in numerous tissues during autoimmune states. NGF directly modulates innate and adaptive immune responses of B and T cells and causes the release of neuropeptides and neurotransmitters controlling the immune system activation in inflamed tissues. Evidence suggests that NGF is involved in the pathogenesis of numerous immune diseases including autoimmune thyroiditis, chronic arthritis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, mastocytosis, and chronic granulomatous disease. Furthermore, as NGF levels have been link

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… These findings are in line with animal evidence that NGF prevents demyelination, cell death, and progression of the disease in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis murine models [ 216 , 217 ]. … Attenuation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57 BL/6 mice by osthole, a natural coumarin Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2010 629 40 46 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.12.008 20006598 213. Penkowa M. Hidalgo J. …

Diseases of the Nervous System

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… For example, viral encephalomyelitis of horses occurs with a peak incidence during the insect season, lead poisoning is most common in calves after they have been turned out on to pasture, and PEM occurs in grain-fed feedlot cattle and sheep. … Depression Leading to Coma In all species this may result from the following: • Encephalomyelitis and encephalomalacia • Toxic and metabolic diseases of the brain such as uremia, hypoglycemia, hepatic insufficiency, toxemia, septicemia, and most toxins that damage tissues generally • Hypoxia of the …

IL-6/IL-12 суперсемейство цитокинов и регламентируемых лимфоцитов играет важнейшую роль в этиологии и борьбе с аутоиммунными заболеваниями CNS.

Цитокины влияют на решения наивных лимфоцитов о клеточной порче и определяют исход иммунной реакции путем подачи сигналов, регулирующих инициирование, интенсивность и продолжительность иммунной реакции. Вместе с тем аномальное регулирование физиологических уровней цитокина способствует развитию аутоиммунных и других подстрекательских заболеваний. Сверхсемейство цитокинов Interleukin 6 (IL-6)/IL-12 оказывает глубокое влияние на все аспекты иммунитета хостинга, и в ходе этого обзора мы уделяем особое внимание сигнальным путям, которые способствуют выполнению их функций, с уделением особого внима

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… Similar to i35-Breg cells, adoptive transfer of 500,000 i27-Breg cells to mice with EAU or EAE suppressed and ameliorated uveitis and encephalomyelitis respectively, in pre-clinical studies ( 8 ). … The success of SBT-100 in suppressing uveitis or encephalomyelitis in mice provides a template for use of SBT-100 Nanobody in modulating undruggable transcription factors such as STAT1 and STAT3 ( 35 , 78 ). …

INFLUENCE OF HOST FACTORS ON NEUROINVASIVENESS OF VESICULAR STOMATITIS VIRUS : III. EFFECT OF AGE AND PATHWAY OF INFECTION ON THE CHARACTER AND LOCALIZATION OF LESIONS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

It will be well to restate the main problem at this point and to examine how far the accumulated data can help to elucidate it. The problem … gression of intramuscularly injected vesicular stomatitis virus differs from that of eastern equine encephalomyelitis and pseudorabies viruses similarly injected into mice of the same age and breed: the former (E.E.E.) invades the central nervous system in the majority of instances, by being eliminated on the nasal mucosa and then along the olfactory pathways (18), …

Иллюстрация бездействия: повторное изучение прогрессивных парадигм лечения множественным склерозом.

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… In this work, we utilized the Biozzi-ABH mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model, which closely mirrors the progressive phase of human MS both clinically and pathologically. Following the relapsing-remitting stage, the model exhibits a progressive course without major relapses. … To specifically target this compartmentalized neuroinflammation, we employed continuous intracerebroventricular delivery of Am580, a retinoic acid receptor alpha agonist (RARα) known to regulate myeloid cells, during the chronic phase of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. …

Cancer Therapy-Induced Encephalitis.

Encephalitis associated with cancer therapies is a rare but serious complication that can significantly impact patients' quality of life and it requires prompt identification and management. Over the past two decades, immunotherapy-particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors-has become a cornerstone of cancer treatment, with up to half of metastatic cancer patients in economically developed countries now receiving these therapies. The widespread adoption of immunotherapy has led to improved survival rates and long-term remissions, even in patients with advanced metastatic disease. However, as im

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… Immunotherapy-Induced Acute Demyelinating Encephalomyelitis Although atypical, Zafar et al. described a case of nivolumab-induced acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis (ADEM) [ 15 ]. … A cMRI showed multiple hyperintense T2 flair white matter lesions without contrast enhancement or restricted diffusion, consistent with acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis. …

Manipulating Macrophage/Microglia Polarization to Treat Glioblastoma or Multiple Sclerosis.

Macrophages and microglia are implicated in several diseases with divergent roles in physiopathology. This discrepancy can be explained by their capacity to endorse different polarization states. Theoretical extremes of these states are called M1 and M2. M1 are pro-inflammatory, microbicidal, and cytotoxic whereas M2 are anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory cells in favor of tumor progression. In pathological states, these polarizations are dysregulated, thus restoring phenotypes could be an interesting treatment approach against diseases. In this review, we will focus on compounds targeting ma

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… Nonetheless, lenalidomide was also tested in vivo on the mice model of MS: Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE), obtained after exposure of the animals to myelin antigens (here a MOG-EAE model). … Spermidine Alleviates Severity of Murine Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci. 2011;52:2696. doi: 10.1167/iovs.10-6015. 57. Ghaiad H.R., Nooh M.M., El-Sawalhi M.M., Shaheen A.A. …