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Cholinergic inputs to motoneurons in the spinal cord augment focal muscle spasticity in rodents.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cholinergic premotor inputs to motoneurons support high levels of motor output when required. However, the possible role of these inputs in pathologically elevated muscle tone has not been characterised. To address this, we examined the modulatory effect of spinal acetylcholine (ACh) on experimental spastic paralysis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Rats were injected with tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT, 33-100 pg, im) into gastrocnemius to induce sustained rigid hind-paw extension and resistance to passive ankle flexion. The effects of spinal ACh on experimental hypertonia were prob

Variational free energy as a conceptual framework for understanding habituation in spinal cord stimulation.

INTRODUCTION: Habituation, or loss of clinical benefit over time, is a frequent problem in spinal cord stimulation (SCS). Existing programming strategies such as waveform cycling or closed-loop stimulation try to address it, but there is no common conceptual framework. This paper introduces the variational free energy (VFE) principle as a way to think about habituation in terms that connect clinical observation with computational models of the brain. METHODS: We reviewed the core ideas of VFE, as formulated by Friston and colleagues-recognition density, prior, posterior, accuracy, complexity,…

Transcriptional and cellular maturation of the chick spinal cord in the context of distinct neuromuscular circuits.

The chicken spinal cord is a classic model system to study the early specification of neuronal cell types along its anterior-posterior axis. Here, we follow the ensuing maturation dynamics at limb levels with single-cell resolution and contrast neuronal populations innervating appendages of distinct form and function. We use gene co-expression modules to identify rare cell populations with specific biological functions, and show that appendages with different motor outputs - wings and legs - rely on largely similar spinal cord cell type repertoires. Challenging the system with experimental alt…

Spatiotemporal dynamics of mTORC1 and mTORC2 in the developing spinal cord and their essential roles in gliogenesis.

BACKGROUND: Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase with diverse roles in development and homeostasis, but its spatiotemporal dynamics in the embryonic spinal cord are not fully defined. Here, we map mTOR activity across mouse spinal cord development and test its function using a conditional gene mutant. RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry for phosphorylated readouts of mTORC1 and mTORC2 revealed distinct, stage-dependent patterns. In the early neural tube, phosphorylated S6 (p-S6; Ser235/236 and Ser240/244) marked dorsal progenitors and ventral motor neurons, while p-p7…

Occupational health challenges in mining: a study on spinal cord injuries and their impact on miners.

OBJECTIVES: Mining remains a high-risk industry, with spinal cord injuries (SCIs) among its most serious outcomes. These irreversible injuries, caused by heavy machinery accidents, falls and rockfalls, profoundly affect miners' quality of life (QoL) and work capacity. This study compared the QoL and general health of miners with non-surgical SCIs sustained at least 2 years earlier with those of miners without SCIs. METHODS: Two hundred miners with SCIs and 200 controls completed the 'Quality of Life and General Health' section of the international spinal cord injury questionnaire (InSCI-Q). T…

Study of Intraoperative Squash Cytology of Intracranial and Spinal Cord Lesions with Histopathological Correlation.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Central nervous system (CNS) tumors display significant diversity in clinical behavior and morphology. Timely intraoperative diagnosis is critical for surgical decision-making. Squash cytology is a rapid, cost-effective tool for evaluating CNS lesions intraoperatively, especially where frozen section has limitations. This study aimed to assess the utility and diagnostic accuracy of squash cytology in the intraoperative diagnosis of intracranial and spinal cord space-occupying lesions, with correlation to histopathology. METHODS: This prospective study included 57 patie…

[Trends of disease burden on spinal cord injury in China from 1990 to 2023].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the epidemiological features and changing trends of disease burden of spinal cord injury (SCI) in China from 1990 to 2023, conduct decomposition analysis of disease burden changes, and provide evidence for SCI prevention and control. METHODS: Based on the 2023 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study data, indicators including incidence and years lived with disability (YLDs) were used to analyze the status and changing trends of SCI disease burden in China from 1990 to 2023. The Gupta decomposition framework was applied to quantify the contributions of population growth,…

A Survey of Tests and Assessments Used for Spinal Cord Injury Transspinal Stimulation Research.

BACKGROUND: Unite 2 Fight Paralysis organized virtual meetings with spinal cord injury (SCI) researchers to address challenges in analyzing outcomes of transspinal stimulation studies in individuals with SCI. OBJECTIVES: The group aims to reach consensus on methods to improve patient profiling, assess the most feasible and important assessments, and share data for comparative analysis. METHODS: A subcommittee developed a questionnaire to gather researchers' opinions on outcome measure value, feasibility, and usage in SCI neuromodulation studies. The survey covered 44 measurements across 17 d…

High-Frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation for the Treatment of Spasticity: A Preliminary Case Series.

Background: Spasticity is a complex and multifactorial condition resulting from upper motor neuron injury. It manifests through muscle contractions, pain, limited range of motion, and clonus, which significantly impair daily activities and quality of life. High-frequency spinal cord stimulation (HF SCS) has shown optimal results in treating chronic neuropathic pain, but its potential role in spasticity remains underexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of HF SCS in patients with spasticity. Methods: From April 2021 to July 2024, six patients with spasticity from various etiologie…

Dendritic spine dysgenesis in spinal cord injury: A structural contributor to pain and spasticity.

Pain and spasticity are common consequences of spinal cord injury (SCI) that profoundly diminish quality of life. Although pain arises from sensory pathways and spasticity from motor pathways, both reflect post-injury mechanisms that renders spinal circuits hyperexcitable. Dendritic spines-specialized protrusions on neuronal dendrites that mediate excitatory synaptic transmission-undergo striking structural remodeling after SCI. Abnormal spine morphology has been documented in both the superficial and deeper laminae of the dorsal horn, correlating with pain, and on motor neurons in the lumbar …

Risk factors for renal scarring in individuals with spinal cord injury: A retrospective study.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. OBJECTIVES: To identify risk factors for renal scarring in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). SETTING: University-affiliated rehabilitation hospital in Yangsan, Republic of Korea. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study involving 89 individuals with SCI. Only individuals with an SCI onset of at least six months prior were included to ensure recovery from initial detrusor atonicity. The participants were divided into two groups based on the presence of renal scars, as determined by 99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid scan. Demographic and urological d…

Are ambulatory surgery centers a safe and effective setting for spinal cord stimulator placement?

OBJECTIVE: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is an effective treatment for refractory chronic back and leg pain. The aim of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of thoracic paddle lead placement for SCS in the ambulatory surgery center (ASC) setting versus the hospital setting. METHODS: This is a single-institution retrospective cohort study that included adult patients who underwent thoracic paddle lead placement for SCS from September 2021 to December 2024. Patients were included if they had baseline and 3-month patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). PROMs included back pain an…

Effects of peripheral nerve damage on promoting maladaptive plasticity in the spinal cord and brain.

Peripheral nerves can acquire damage through trauma, demyelinating diseases, inflammatory or immune-mediated insults, cancer, metabolic disorders, medications, toxins, and others. Damage may occur to motor, sensory, or pain fibres, or a combination, resulting in dysfunction to movement execution, sensory perception, and pain processing. Electrodiagnostic studies of the peripheral nerves, muscles, and spinal reflexes can be used to diagnose peripheral nerve damage, detect resultant changes in the central nervous system, and track the progress of neural repair or deterioration. Through interacti

Нейрозащитный и терапевтический потенциал ресвератрола для травм спинного мозга: систематический обзор.

Травматические травмы спинного мозга являются частыми повреждениями CNS, которые происходят в таких обстоятельствах, как падение или несчастные случаи. Травматические травмы спинного мозга чаще встречаются в более старшей возрастной группе и у мужчин, причем высокая заболеваемость и распространенность этого заболевания объясняются отсутствием эффективного фармакологического или нейрохирургического лечения. Травматический СКИ может быть отнесен к категории первичных или вторичных травм, которые в конечном счете могут привести к смерти или физической зависимости. Resveratrol - это экстракт из по

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Traumatic spinal cord injuries are frequent CNS injuries that occur due to circumstances such as falls or accidents. Traumatic spinal cord injuries are more common in the older age group and in men, with high incidence and prevalence explained by the absence of an efficient pharmacological or neurosurgical treatment. Traumatic SCI can be classified as primar…

Spinal Cord Infarct in Children: A Decade of Experience From a Tertiary Referral Center.

AIM: To investigate the clinical presentation, therapeutic approaches, and outcomes of pediatric spinal cord infarcts to enhance early diagnosis and management. METHOD: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at Sheba Medical Center, focusing on pediatric patients aged 0-18 years diagnosed with spinal cord infarct between 2012 and 2024. Patients were identified throughmagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and classified using the American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale upon admission and discharge from rehabilitation. RESULTS: Thirteen children, with a median age of 13 …

Iatrogenic postoperative spinal cord herniation: A report of two cases and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Iatrogenic spinal cord herniation is an exceptionally rare complication following spinal surgery involving durotomy. Failure of watertight dural closure may lead to pseudomeningocele formation and progressive spinal cord tethering, ultimately resulting in herniation and neurological deterioration. CASE DESCRIPTION: We report two cases of postoperative spinal cord herniation. A 36-year-old male developed acute conus medullaris herniation 2 weeks after surgical resection of a cystic lesion, presenting with paraparesis, sensory loss, and sphincter dysfunction. A 68-year-old male pres…

A scoping review characterizing nutrition outcomes in adults with spinal cord injuries and disorders.

OBJECTIVES: This scoping review aimed to characterize the range of nutrition outcomes and identify the measurement tools and approaches used in spinal cord injuries and disorders (SCI/D) research. BACKGROUND: Individuals with SCI/D experience significant nutrition-related health challenges, yet the diversity and inconsistency in reported nutrition outcomes across research limit evidence synthesis and practical application. METHOD: A search strategy employing JBI methodology focused on studies in the English language meeting predefined criteria was applied across six databases: MEDLINE, CINAH…

Association of Serum lncRNA CASC11 with Injury Severity and Inflammation in Spinal Cord Injury.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe central nervous system trauma. This single-center, observational and in vitro study investigated the diagnostic potential of CASC11 and its possible regulatory mechanism in SCI using clinical serum samples and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cell models. CASC11, miR-130b-5p, and SPP1 levels were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Cellular functions and targeting relationships were assessed via cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), flow cytometry, western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), dual-luciferase reporter, and…

Elezanumab for the treatment of spinal cord injury: assessing the clinical development journey to date.

INTRODUCTION: Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating condition with serious neurological and quality of life impact. Despite advances in surgical, medical and rehabilitative care, no approved therapies currently promote neural repair or regeneration. Repulsive Guidance Molecule a (RGMa) is a potent inhibitor of neurite growth that also regulates neuronal survival and differentiation during development. In the adult central nervous system (CNS), RGMa is expressed at low levels and rapidly upregulated in multiple cell types following SCI. RGMa-neogenin signaling induces growth cone…

Nature and dynamics of violence against people with spinal cord injury: A qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: While limited research suggests people with spinal cord injury (SCI) experience elevated rates of interpersonal violence (IPV), no known studies have specifically explored the personal narratives of individuals with SCI regarding the nature and dynamics of experiences with IPV following their injury. OBJECTIVE: To conduct the first known qualitative exploration of the nature and dynamics of post-injury IPV experience in a sample of community-living men and women with SCI. METHOD: We co-conducted semi-structured, in-depth interviews via ZOOM with 21 individuals from across the Uni…