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Upregulation of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms facilitating prevention of gastric Helicobacter pylori infection in guinea pigs by per os administration of chitosan microparticles loaded with Mycobacterium bovis BCG.

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) rods frequently colonize and damage the gastric mucosa in humans, causing inflammation, gastric or duodenal ulcers and even gastric cancer. H. pylori negatively modulates the activity of immune cells, including macrophages and lymphocytes facilitating the persistence of infection. Increasing resistance of H. pylori isolates to commonly used antibiotics diminishes the success of therapy. These prompt searches for new therapeutic formulations to improve the effectiveness of immune mechanisms against H. pylori. Based on the previous in vitro studies ind

Nano-in-Micro-Particles Consisting of PLGA Nanoparticles Embedded in Chitosan Microparticles via Spray-Drying Enhances Their Uptake in the Olfactory Mucosa.

Intranasal delivery has gained prominence since 1990, when the olfactory mucosa was recognized as the window to the brain and the central nervous system (CNS); this has enabled the direct site specific targeting of neurological diseases for the first time. Intranasal delivery is a promising route because general limitations, such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are circumvented. In the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) or Alzheimer's disease, for example, future treatment prospects include specialized particles as delivery vehicles. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles are we

[Anti-HBs persistence after revaccination with three doses of hepatitis B vaccines among non-responsive adults: 24-month of follow-up].

OBJECTIVE: To access the antibody persistence 24-month after revaccination with 3-dose of hepatitis B vaccine (HepB) among non-response adults. METHODS: A total of 24 237 healthy adults who had no histories of hepatitis B infection and hepatitis B vaccination, resided in the local area for more than six months and were aged 18-49 years were selected from 79 villages of Zhangqiu county, Shandong province, China in 2009. Blood samples were obtained and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody against hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) and antibody against hepatitis B core antigen (anti

Procoagulant and prothrombotic effects of the herbal medicine, Dipsacus asper and its active ingredient, dipsacus saponin C, on human platelets.

BACKGROUND: In spite of the growing popularity of herbal medicines and natural food supplements, their effects on cardiovascular homeostasis remain largely unknown, especially regarding pro-thrombotic risks. OBJECTIVE: In the present study, 21 herbal tea extracts were screened for the procoagulant activities on platelets, an important promoter of thrombosis to examine if herbal medicines or natural products may have prothrombotic risks. We discovered that Dipsacus asper (DA), known to have analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, potently induced procoagulant activities in platelets. We tried

Towards frailty biomarkers: Candidates from genes and pathways regulated in aging and age-related diseases.

OBJECTIVE: Use of the frailty index to measure an accumulation of deficits has been proven a valuable method for identifying elderly people at risk for increased vulnerability, disease, injury, and mortality. However, complementary molecular frailty biomarkers or ideally biomarker panels have not yet been identified. We conducted a systematic search to identify biomarker candidates for a frailty biomarker panel. METHODS: Gene expression databases were searched (http://genomics.senescence.info/genes including GenAge, AnAge, LongevityMap, CellAge, DrugAge, Digital Aging Atlas) to identify genes

Roles of Microvesicles in Tumor Progression and Clinical Applications.

Microvesicles are extracellular vesicles with diameter ranging from 100 to 1000 nm that are secreted by tumor cells or other cells in the tumor microenvironment. A growing number of studies demonstrate that tumor-derived microvesicles are involved in tumor initiation and progression, as well as drug resistance. In addition, tumor-derived microvesicles carry a variety of immunogenic molecules and inhibit tumor response to immunotherapy; therefore, they can be exploited for use in tumor vaccines. Moreover, because of their high stability, tumor-derived microvesicles extracted from body fluids ca

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… Tumor cell-derived microparticles polarize M2 tumor-associated macrophages for tumor progression . Oncoimmunology . 2016 ; 5 ( 4 ): e1118599 . doi: 10.1080/2162402X.2015.1118599 27141404 PMC4839324 68. Vanaja SK , Rathinam VA , Fitzgerald KA . … Tumor cell-derived microparticles: a new form of cancer vaccine . Oncoimmunology . 2015 ; 4 ( 8 ): e1017704 . doi: 10.1080/2162402X.2015.1017704 26405568 PMC4570097 140. Ma J , Wei K , Zhang H , et al. Mechanisms by which dendritic cells present tumor microparticle antigens to CD8(+) T cells . …

The Power of Extracellular Vesicles in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: "Crafting" a Microenvironment That Matters.

Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPN) are acquired clonal disorders of the hematopoietic stem cells and include Essential Thrombocythemia, Polycythemia Vera and Myelofibrosis. MPN are characterized by mutations in three driver genes (JAK2, CALR and MPL) and by a state of chronic inflammation. Notably, MPN patients experience increased risk of thrombosis, disease progression, second neoplasia and evolution to acute leukemia. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous population of microparticles with a role in cell-cell communication. The EV-mediated cross-talk occurs via the trafficking of

Megakaryocyte Contribution to Bone Marrow Fibrosis: many Arrows in the Quiver.

In Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF), megakaryocyte dysplasia/hyperplasia determines the release of inflammatory cytokines that, in turn, stimulate stromal cells and induce bone marrow fibrosis. The pathogenic mechanism and the cells responsible for progression to bone marrow fibrosis in PMF are not completely understood. This review article aims to provide an overview of the crucial role of megakaryocytes in myelofibrosis by discussing the role and the altered secretion of megakaryocyte-derived soluble factors, enzymes and extracellular matrices that are known to induce bone marrow fibrosis.

Mechanisms of cancer-associated thrombosis.

A State-of-the-Art lecture titled "Mechanisms of cancer-associated thrombosis" was presented at the ISTH Congress in 2022. Patients with cancer have a 4-fold to 9-fold increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) compared with the general population, so-called cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT). Different rates of VTE are observed in different types of cancer, suggesting that there are cancer-type specific mechanisms of CAT. We will discuss 4 pathways of CAT: tissue factor, podoplanin, neutrophil extracellular traps, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. In addition, specific gene mutations

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… Cancer cell-derived microparticles bearing P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 accelerate thrombus formation in vivo J Exp Med 206 2009 1913 1927 19667060 10.1084/jem.20082297 PMC2737159 60 Wang J.G. Geddings J.E. Aleman M.M. Cardenas J.C. Chantrathammachart P. Williams J.C. … Tissue factor expressed by circulating cancer cell-derived microparticles drastically increases the incidence of deep vein thrombosis in mice J Thromb Haemost 13 2015 1310 1319 25955268 10.1111/jth.13002 PMC4496280 63 Stark K. Schubert I. Joshi U. Kilani B. Hoseinpour P. Thakur M. …

The Role of Platelet Dysfunctions in the Pathogenesis of the Hemostatic-Coagulant System Imbalances.

Platelet dysfunction plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of various disorders affecting the hemostatic-coagulant system. This review aims to explore the mechanisms by which platelet dysfunctions contribute to the disruption of hemostasis, leading to an increased risk of both thrombosis and bleeding. Platelets, traditionally known for their role in clot formation, can exhibit altered functionality under pathological conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, and autoimmune diseases, impacting their interaction with coagulation factors and vascular endothelium. The re

Non-Exosomal and Exosomal Circulatory MicroRNAs: Which Are More Valid as Biomarkers?

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small non-coding RNAs with approximately 19-25 nucleotides that are involved in regulating a range of developmental and physiological processes. Non-exosomal circulating and exosomal miRNAs have also been proposed to be useful in diagnostics as biomarkers for diseases and different types of cancer. In this review, the quantity of miRNAs and of reliable experimental data analyses of miRNAs that come from exosomal and non-exosomal sources are discussed from the perspective of their use as biomarkers for cancer and other diseases, including viral infections, nerv

Cancer-Associated Thrombosis: Epidemiology, Pathophysiological Mechanisms, Treatment, and Risk Assessment.

Cancer patients represent a growing population with drastically difficult care and a lowered quality of life, especially due to the heightened risk of vast complications. Thus, it is well established so far that one of the most prominent complications in individuals with cancer is venous thromboembolism. Since there are various improved methods for screening and diagnosing cancer and its complications, the incidence of cancer-associated thrombosis has been on the rise in recent years. Therefore, the high mortality and morbidity rates among these patients are not a surprise. Consequently, there

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… Tissue factor expressed by circulating cancer cell-derived microparticles drastically increases the incidence of deep vein thrombosis in mice. J Thromb Haemost. 2015;13:1310-1319. doi: 10.1111/jth.13002 142. Fuchs TA, Brill A, Duerschmied D, et al. Extracellular DNA traps promote thrombosis. …

Biomarkers for Early Complications of Endothelial Origin After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Do They Have a Potential Clinical Role?

Endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction causes a number of early and life-threatening post hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT) complications that result in a rapid clinical decline. The main early complications are graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD), transplant associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA), and sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS). Post-HCT endothelial dysfunction occurs as a result of chemotherapy, infections, and allogeneic reactivity. Despite major advances in transplant immunology and improvements in supportive care medicine, these complications represent a major obstacle for

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… Evaluation of Angiopoietins and Cell-Derived Microparticles After Stem Cell Transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant (2008) 14:766–74. 10.1016/j.bbmt.2008.04.005 139. Liu Y, Huang W, Zhang R, Wu J, Li L, Tang Y. …

Effect of Primary and Secondary Beads of Carbon Enterosorbent on Haematological Parameters and Oxidative Stress Development Caused by Melphalan in Rats.

Background and Objectives: Side effects of anti-cancer drugs are usually accompanied by oxidative stress, including myelotoxicity. We evaluated the potential of oral highly activated micro-/macroporous carbon adsorbents (bulk density of 0.16 g/cm3, surface area calculation by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller model (SBET) > 2200 m2/g, derived from proprietary phenolic resin beads) to alleviate oxidative stress and myelotoxicity in rats. Materials and Methods: A single injection of cytostatic melphalan (L-PAM) at a dose of 4 mg/kg was used for modelling. Two forms of activated carbon were used: AC1-primar

Microgel-Based 3D Bioprinting: A Convergent Strategy Integrating Material Design, Jamming Dynamics, and Biological Function.

Driven by rapid technological innovation and an increasing demand for personalized medicine, microgel-based bioprinting emerges as a versatile strategy for generating physiologically relevant tissue models and patient-specific constructs. By integrating microgel systems with 3D bioprinting, this approach enables the creation of complex, cell-laden architectures that closely recapitulate native tissue architecture and function. Pivotal to this potential are microgels that offer significant advantages over conventional hydrogel-based bioinks, including tunable rheological behavior, enhanced prin

Advances in Drug Delivery and Biomaterials: Facts and Vision.

Drug delivery and biomaterials are different fields of science but, at the same time, are tightly related and intertwined. The 2018 CRS Italy Chapter Annual Workshop aims to explore recent advances in design and development in these areas. Many colleagues from Europe participated to the Workshop, stimulating the discussion. To foster the discussion on recent research and networking opportunities, especially among younger attendees, all poster-presenting authors were asked to provide a short talk. The very friendly and stimulating atmosphere allowed the attendees to explore new frontiers and ta

Новый взгляд на механизмы нейродегенерации в экспериментальном аутоиммунном энцефаломелите и многоразовом склерозе: ранняя и критическая роль платец в нейро/аксональной потере.

Множественный склероз (MS) — аутоиммунное расстройство центральной нервной системы (CNS) с ограниченными возможностями лечения. Для этого заболевания характерны различия в патофизиологии между серым веществом (GM) и белым веществом (WM). Преобладающей отличительной чертой ВМ является периваскулярная доска, связанная с потерей функции мозгового барьера (ББД), инфильтрацией лимфоцитов, микроглиальной реактивностью, обезвоживанием и аксонной травмой и должным образом обработанная иммуномодулятивными препаратами. С другой стороны, механизмы, лежащие в основе ущерба ГМ, остаются неясными, что имеет

Potential Novel Biomarkers in Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease.

Prognostic, diagnostic or predictive biomarkers are urgently needed for assessment of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGvHD), a major risk for patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The main goal of this review generated within the COST Action EUROGRAFT "Integrated European Network on Chronic Graft Versus Host Disease" was to identify potential novel biomarkers for cGvHD besides the widely accepted molecular and cellular biomarkers. Thus, the focus was on cellular biomarkers, alloantibodies, glycomics, endothelial derived particles, extracellular vesicles, m

Emerging advances in drug delivery systems (DDSs) for optimizing cancer complications.

The management and treatment of tumor complications pose continuous challenges due to the inherent complexity. However, the advent of drug delivery systems (DDSs) brings promising opportunities to address the tumor complications using innovative technological approaches. This review focuses on common oncological complications, including cancer thrombosis, malignant serous effusion, tumor-associated infections, cancer pain, and treatment-related complications. Emphasis was placed on the application and potential of DDSs in mitigating and treating these tumor complications, and we delved into th

A Rapid Review of Adenocarcinoma and Pulmonary Tumor Thrombotic Microangiopathy: A Deadly Duo.

Pulmonary tumor thrombotic microangiopathy (PTTM) is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome associated with various adenocarcinomas, most commonly gastric adenocarcinoma. This condition can progressively worsen pulmonary arterial hypertension, leading to acute or subacute pulmonary heart failure and respiratory insufficiency. This paper examines the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of PTTM. Given PTTM's poor prognosis, we emphasize treatment strategies. PTTM in adenocarcinoma patients can mimic other pulmonary diseases, causing diagnostic delays. Current PTTM tr