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Hospitalization for acute cerebellitis in children affected by varicella: how much does it cost?

BACKGROUND: Chickenpox is a highly contagious airborne disease caused by the varicella zoster virus. It is generally benign and self-limiting, but it may be responsible of life-threatening complications. Acute cerebellitis (AC) is the most common neurological complication and is associated with prolonged hospitalization in the acute phase (HAP). AIM OF THE STUDY: To estimate the costs of AC HAP in children affected by varicella. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of a pediatric cohort hospitalized for chickenpox AC over a period of 15 years (from October 2…

Acute cerebellar ataxia in the Netherlands: a study on the association with vaccinations and varicella zoster infection.

AIM: Acute cerebellar ataxia (ACA, sudden onset of truncal ataxia and gait disturbances) usually follows a benign illness (25% varicella). I … included (44 and 1 reported by pediatric and AEFI surveillance respectively, 30 were hospitalized). Chickenpox preceded ACA in 15 cases, one case followed MMR. Of the hospitalization reports, 13 fulfilled the criteria for ACA. Using CRC the estimated number of hospitalized ACA cases was 42. For varicella related ACA, this estimate was 10, resulting in an inc …

Varicella-Zoster virus infections of the nervous system: clinical and pathologic correlates.

BACKGROUND: Diseases that present with protean manifestations are the diseases most likely to pose diagnostic challenges for both clinicians … esented in pictorial format for the practicing pathologist. RESULTS: Varicella-zoster virus causes chickenpox (varicella), usually in childhood; most children manifest only mild neurologic sequelae. After chickenpox resolves, the virus becomes latent in neurons of cranial and spinal ganglia of nearly all individuals. In elderly and immunocompromised individ …

Monkeypox Clade Ib virus introduction into Burundi: first findings, July to mid-August 2024.

We describe cases with monkeypox virus (MPXV) Clade Ib in Burundi from their first detection in July until 20 August 2024. Testing 442 people with vesicular lesions confirmed 170 cases (98 male; 72 female), 82 (48%) being < 15 years old. Differential diagnosis of the first 30 individuals testing MPXV negative revealed chickenpox in 20. Cases occurred in 26 of 49 Burundi health districts, but mostly in Bujumbura Nord (88/170; 67%). Case-derived MPXV genetic sequences from Burundi and South-Kivu (Democratic Republic of the Congo), clustered together in phylogenetic analysis.

Dermatological manifestation can be an early sign in Covid-19: Report of three cases with a novel manifestation masquerading Steven Johnson syndrome.

Various dermatological manifestations have been observed in patients with Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection ranging from maculopapular rashes, urticaria, chickenpox-type lesions, chilblain-like, distal-limb ischemia, and livedo racemosa. While most of these cutaneous findings are self-resolving, they may aid in the timely diagnosis of this infection. We are reporting three patients presenting with dermatological features resembling (i) varicella zoster, (ii) herpes labialis, and (iii) Steven Johnson Syndrome (SJS) who were subsequently diagnosed with Covid-19 infection. The skin lesions…

Zeroing in on zoster: A tale of many disorders produced by one virus.

While herpes zoster infection has been recognized since antiquity, chickenpox (varicella) was confused with smallpox until the 1800s, when both illnesses became better understood. In the 20th century, varicella zoster virus (VZV) was shown to cause varicella upon primary (first-time) infection and herpes zoster (shingles) after reactivation of latent VZV. Scientific progress over the past 50 years has rapidly advanced the understanding and prevention of disease produced by VZV. Combined imaging and virological studies continue to reveal the protean neurological, ocular and visceral disorders p…

Обнаружение ДНК верицелла зостера (VZV) в тканях плода с помощью цепной реакции полимеразы.

Первичная вирусная инфекция Варичеллы (VZV) во время беременности может быть связана с тяжелыми повреждениями плода. Однако вирологический диагноз врожденного синдрома VZV пока не увенчался успехом, поскольку VZV не мог быть изолирован от ткани плода. В настоящее время мы применили цепную реакцию полимеразы (ПХД), с тем чтобы можно было обнаружить ДНК VZV у плода, чьи матери приобрели ветрянку в первом триместре беременности. В 2 из 3 исследованных зародышей вирусная ДНК была обнаружена ПЦР независимо в 2 лабораториях, что подтверждает наличие прямой инфекции VZV плода.

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Primary Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) infection during pregnancy can be associated with severe fetal malformation. The virological diagnosis … chain reaction (PCR) assay to allow the detection of VZV DNA in fetuses whose mothers had acquired chickenpox in the first trimester of pregnancy. In 2 of 3 fetuses investigated viral DNA was identified by PCR independently in 2 laboratories, thus confirming a direct fetal VZV infection.

Varicella-Zoster Virus Myocarditis: Early Clinical Diagnosis and Outcome.

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a viral infection that causes chickenpox and shingles. Although it is usually self-limiting, it can lead to severe complications, especially in pediatric and immunocompromised patients. VZV was first discovered as a cause of myocarditis in 1953. In this review article, we aim to investigate the early clinical diagnosis of myocarditis in VZV infections and the efficacy of the VZV vaccine in preventing myocarditis. The literature search was done using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Sci-Hub databases. A high VZV mortality rate was noted among adults, infants, and immu…

[Indications for varicella zoster and herpes zoster vaccination in multiple sclerosis: current situation].

In patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) primary varicella zoster virus (VZV) infections (chickenpox) or reactivation (shingles, herpes zoster) pose a particular challenge for neurologists and physicians in everyday clinical practice. On the one hand the various immunotherapeutic agents for treatment of MS have differently expressed risks for VZV-associated infections and on the other hand the currently available vaccination strategies (dead vs. live vaccines, single vs. combination vaccines) require an individualized approach. Moreover, in addition to the optimal timing of vaccination during …

Herpes zoster meningoencephalitis complicated with peripheral vascular disease: an uncommon presentation of a common disease.

Herpes zoster is reactivation of the varicella zoster virus that has remained dormant in the dorsal root ganglia since an earlier episode of chickenpox. Herpes zoster has variable clinical presentations, but meningo-encephalitis is not frequently encountered. There is growing evidence of both large and small vessel involvement in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients, in contrast with the previous opinion that immunocompetent patients have vasculopathy in the large vessels while immunosuppressed patients have vasculopathy in the small vessels. We present the case of a patient in whom …

Transients and attractors in epidemics.

Historical records of childhood disease incidence reveal complex dynamics. For measles, a simple model has indicated that epidemic patterns represent attractors of a nonlinear dynamic system and that transitions between different attractors are driven by slow changes in birth rates and vaccination levels. The same analysis can explain the main features of chickenpox dynamics, but fails for rubella and whooping cough. We show that an additional (perturbative) analysis of the model, together with knowledge of the population size in question, can account for all the observed incidence patterns by…

The Protective Effectiveness of 2-Dose Varicella Vaccination in Children in Korea: A Case-control Study.

BACKGROUND: A 2-dose vaccination against varicella has been adopted in many places; however, it has not been widely introduced in Korea. This study aimed to assess 1-dose and 2-+dose vaccine effectiveness (VE) against laboratory-confirmed varicella in Korea to provide a scientific basis for developing an immunization strategy. METHODS: We constructed a national cohort using national surveillance data and the national immunization registry. From the cohort, we conducted a 1:2 matched nested case-control study to estimate and compare the VE of the 1-dose and 2-dose of varicella vaccination usin

Safety and immunogenicity of the live-attenuated varicella vaccine in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

This study aimed to synthesize the available evidence on the immunogenicity, safety, and effectiveness of live-attenuated varicella vaccine in solid organ transplant recipients. Medline and EMBASE were searched using predefined search terms to identify relevant studies. The included articles reported varicella vaccine administration in the posttransplant period in children and adults. A pooled proportion of transplant recipients who seroconverted and who developed vaccine-strain varicella and varicella disease was generated. Eighteen articles (14 observational studies and 4 case reports) were

Early-Life Antibiotic Exposure Associated With Varicella Occurrence and Breakthrough Infections: Evidence From Nationwide Pre-Vaccination and Post-Vaccination Cohorts.

BACKGROUND: Antibiotic-driven dysbiosis may impair immune function and reduce vaccine-induced antibody titers. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate the impacts of early-life antibiotic exposure on subsequent varicella and breakthrough infections. METHODS: This is a nationwide matched cohort study. From Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database, we initially enrolled 187,921 children born from 1997 to 2010. Since 2003, the Taiwan government has implemented a one-dose universal varicella vaccination program for children aged 1 year. We identified 82,716 children born during th

Comparison of performance of varicella vaccines via infectious disease modeling.

BACKGROUND: Population-level infectious disease models for varicella require vaccine parameters, namely 'take' and 'duration of protection' (defined here as vaccine performance), to quantify the impact of vaccination. Current published models for varicella use vaccine parameters derived from various methodologies which does not allow for the direct comparison of different vaccines. METHODS: We estimated take and duration of protection using deterministic compartmental models to simulate clinical trials of one- or two-dose varicella vaccination using Varivax® (V-MSD) and Varilrix® (V-GSK). We

Relative efficacy of varicella vaccines: network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

OBJECTIVE: Although varicella vaccination is highly effective, no head-to-head randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have compared the efficacy of different vaccine formulations. This study assessed the relative efficacy of different varicella vaccines using network meta-analysis (NMA). METHODS: We estimated the relative efficacies of varicella vaccines and dosing regimens from RCTs using Bayesian NMA. Modeling-based time-series NMA (MBNMA) was performed, accounting for differences in time since vaccination, to extrapolate long-term vaccine efficacy (VE). RESULTS: Eight RCTs were included base

Prevention and Control of Nosocomial Varicella During the United States Varicella Vaccination Program Era.

The United States varicella vaccination program has successfully reduced varicella incidence and hospitalizations by ≥90%, consequently reducing the risk of nosocomial exposures. However, patients and healthcare personnel (HCP) continue to introduce varicella zoster virus (VZV) into healthcare settings. Herpes zoster (HZ) is less contagious than varicella, but it can also result in exposures. Unrecognized varicella and HZ may lead to extensive contact investigations, control efforts, and HCP furloughs that result in significant disruption of healthcare activities as well as substantial costs.

Clinical Manifestations of Varicella: Disease Is Largely Forgotten, but It's Not Gone.

After 25 years of varicella vaccination in the United States, classic varicella and its complications have become an uncommon occurrence. The clinical manifestation of varicella among vaccinated persons is usually modified, with fewer skin lesions, mostly maculopapular, and milder presentation. However, the potential for severe manifestations from varicella still exists among both vaccinated and unvaccinated persons, and thus healthcare providers should keep varicella in the differential diagnosis of a maculopapular or vesicular rash. The prompt recognition and diagnosis of varicella is import