Результаты поиска

Individual Differences in Conditioned Fear and Extinction in Female Rats.

The inability to extinguish a traumatic memory is a key aspect of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). While PTSD affects 10-20% of individuals who experience a trauma, women are particularly susceptible to developing the disorder. Despite this notable female vulnerability, few studies have investigated this particular resistance to fear extinction observed in females. Similar to humans, rodent models of Pavlovian fear learning and extinction show a wide range of individual differences in fear learning and extinction, although female rodents are considerably understudied. Therefore, the pres…

The effect of stress and reward on encoding future fear memories.

Prior experience changes the way we learn about our environment. Stress predisposes individuals to developing psychological disorders, just … rience with reward learning can also change the neural circuits that are involved in learning about fear (Sharpe et al., 2021). Specifically, the lateral hypothalamus, a region typically restricted to modulating feeding and reward behavior, can be recruited to encode fear memories after experience with reward learning. This review discusses the literat …

Expectations of objective threats and aversive feelings in specific fears.

Mistaken beliefs about danger posed by feared stimuli are considered a key factor causing and maintaining fears. Such beliefs are intriguing because many fearful people express them, but acknowledge they are untrue in reality. While previous research indicates fearful individuals may not wholly endorse their beliefs about objective threats (e.g., the spider will bite), expectations of negative subjective consequences (e.g., I will feel terrible) are also likely to be important. We investigated the extent to which participants' expectations of objective and subjective threats were sensitive to …

Cancer Patients in the Era of Coronavirus: What to Fear Most?

BACKGROUND: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic led to a worldwide medical crisis, affecting mostly immunocompromised patients, such as cancer patients. Various cancer societies have issued recommendations regarding patients care, but few studies addressed the perception of cancer patients regarding this pandemic. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to assess the perception of cancer patients regarding their health risks during this pandemic and the preventive measures taken. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An anonymous survey was conducted among cancer patients

Fear of cancer recurrence in males diagnosed with breast cancer.

PURPOSE: Fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) is a significant problem for individuals diagnosed with a variety of different cancers. To date, FCR has not been studied in males with breast cancer. The objective of this study was to examine the severity of FCR in males with breast cancer. METHODS: Males with breast cancer participated in an anonymous online survey and completed the Fear of Cancer Recurrence Inventory-Short Form scale (FCRI-SF). A frequency analysis was used to determine the percentage of participants that fell above or below the clinical cutoff for significant FCR. Regressions expl…

Латеральная новая кора критична для реконсолидации контекстуального страха.

Память — это продукт согласованной деятельности многих областей мозга. Дисрегуляция процессов консолидации и переработки меморных следов, кодирующих страховые переживания, может привести к страховым психопатологиям. Здесь мы оценили, как уже существующие памятные образы изменяются в результате опыта, особенно лабилизацию/реконсолидацию памяти, используя метод целенаправленного анализа всего мозга — позитронно-эмиссионную томографию у самцов мышей. Мы обнаружили различия в потреблении глюкозы в латеральной новой коре, гиппокампе и амгдале у мышей, проходящих лабилизацию/реконсолидацию процессов

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Memories are a product of the concerted activity of many brain areas. Deregulation of consolidation and reprocessing of mnemonic traces that encode fearful experiences might result in fear-related psychopathologies. Here, we assessed how pre-established memories change with experience, particularly the labilization/reconsolidation of memory, using the whole-…

The structural and functional correlates of the efficiency in fearful face detection.

Human visual system is found to be much efficient in searching for a fearful face. Some individuals are more sensitive to this threat-related stimulus. However, we still know little about the neural correlates of such variability. In the current study, we exploited a visual search paradigm, and asked the subjects to search for a fearful face or a target gender. Every subject showed a shallower search function for fearful face search than face gender search, indicating a stable fearful face advantage. We then used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis and correlated this advantage to the gray …

Developmental regulation of fear learning and anxiety behavior by endocannabinoids.

The developing brain undergoes substantial maturation into adulthood and the development of specific neural structures occurs on differing timelines. Transient imbalances between developmental trajectories of corticolimbic structures, which are known to contribute to regulation over fear learning and anxiety, can leave an individual susceptible to mental illness, particularly anxiety disorders. There is a substantial body of literature indicating that the endocannabinoid (eCB) system critically regulates stress responsivity and emotional behavior throughout the life span, making this system a …

Expectancy biases in fear and anxiety and their link to biases in attention.

Healthy individuals often exhibit prioritized processing of aversive information, as manifested in enhanced orientation of attention to threatening stimuli compared with neutral items. In contrast to this adaptive behavior, anxious, fearful, and phobic individuals show exaggerated attention biases to threat. In addition, they overestimate the likelihood of encountering their feared stimulus and the severity of the consequences; both are examples of expectancy biases. The co-occurrence of attention and expectancy biases in fear and anxiety raises the question about causal influences. Herein, we…

Treatment of fear of flying: behavioral, subjective, and cardiovascular effects.

BACKGROUND: Nonaviator fear of flying is a common problem usually managed with behaviorally oriented treatment. The unknown time courses of aspects of anxiety and of physiological response were investigated during a 3-d treatment including flights. METHODS: Ratings, heart rate (HR), and heart rate variability (HRV; pNN10, pNN50) of 15 Moderate-Anxious and 9 High-Anxious subjects at critical epochs of treatment and on 2 actual flights, on which 9 Controls participated, were compared. RESULTS: All subjects took the flights and displayed a remarkably reduced fear when comparing pre- vs. post-tr…

The functional -1019C/G HTR1A polymorphism and mechanisms of fear.

Serotonin receptor 1A gene (HTR1A) knockout mice show pronounced defensive behaviour and increased fear conditioning to ambiguous conditioned stimuli. Such behaviour is a hallmark of pathological human anxiety, as observed in panic disorder with agoraphobia (PD/AG). Thus, variations in HTR1A might contribute to neurophysiological differences within subgroups of PD/AG patients. Here, we tested this hypothesis by combining genetic with behavioural techniques and neuroimaging. In a clinical multicentre trial, patients with PD/AG received 12 sessions of manualized cognitive-behavioural therapy (CB…

The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for fears and phobias.

BACKGROUND: Although prior genetic studies of interview-assessed fears and phobias have shown that genetic factors predispose individuals to fears and phobias, they have been restricted to the DSM-III to DSM-IV aggregated subtypes of phobias rather than to individual fearful and phobic stimuli. METHOD: We examined the lifetime history of fears and/or phobias in response to 21 individual phobic stimuli in 4067 personally interviewed twins from same-sex pairs from the Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Abuse Disorders (VATSPSUD). We performed multivariate statistical analyse…

Personality, fear of childbirth and birth outcomes in nulliparous women.

PURPOSE: This study was aimed at investigating the delivery continuum starting from constant personality variables and their association with Fear of childbirth (FOC) pre-partum, following the association of FOC pre-partum with the delivery process (as measured by birth outcome variables and subjective experience) and the effect of all of these variables over FOC post-partum. METHODS: In this prospective questionnaire study, 101 nulliparous, singleton pregnancy, healthy parturients were randomly recruited during 2011. Questionnaires were administered on admittance to the delivery ward (FOC, a…

Latent structure of social fears and social anxiety disorders.

BACKGROUND: Despite its high prevalence and associated levels of impairment, the latent structure of social anxiety disorder (SAD) is not well understood, with published studies reporting inconsistent results. Furthermore, it is unknown whether the latent structure of social fears in individuals with and without SAD is the same. METHOD: Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis followed by multiple indicators multiple causes (MIMIC) analysis were conducted on 13 commonly feared social situations assessed in a nationally representative sample including individuals with…

Influence of fear of falling on gait and balance in Parkinson's disease.

PURPOSE: To study the relationship of fear of falling (FoF) with gait characteristics and balance in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). METHOD: Seventy-nine non-demented individuals (62 males) with PD were studied. Their mean age was 69.22 ± 8.93 years. The average time since diagnosis was 8.27 ± 5.31 years. FoF was assessed by the Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale in which high scores indicate less FoF. Gait was measured using a computerized walkway. Balance was measured by timed tests including the 5-step test, 360 degree turn, timed sideways walk, and timed up and …

Adult osteomalacia: a treatable cause of "fear of falling" gait.

A 65-year-old man was hospitalized with a gait disorder, obliging him to shuffle laterally(1) (video on the Neurology Web site at www.neurology.org) because of pain and proximal limb weakness. He had a gastrectomy for cancer 7 years previously, with severe vitamin D deficiency; parathormone and alkaline phosphatase were increased, with reduced serum and urine calcium and phosphate. There was reduced bone density (figure). He was mildly hypothyroid and pancytopenic. B12 and folate levels were normal. Investigation for an endocrine neoplasm (CT scan, Octreoscan) was negative. EMG of proximal mus

Unseen fearful faces promote amygdala guidance of attention.

Little is known about the network of brain regions activated prior to explicit awareness of emotionally salient social stimuli. We investigated this in a functional magnetic resonance imaging study using a technique that combined elements of binocular rivalry and motion flash suppression in order to prevent awareness of fearful faces and houses. We found increased left amygdala and fusiform gyrus activation for fearful faces compared to houses, despite suppression from awareness. Psychophysiological interaction analyses showed that amygdala activation was associated with task-specific (fearful…