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Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Multiple Sclerosis: Mechanistic Considerations Across Relapsing and Progressive Disease.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) reflects a dynamic interplay between peripheral immune activation and compartmentalized inflammation within the central nervous system (CNS). While current disease-modifying therapies effectively reduce relapse activity driven by transient peripheral immune infiltration, their impact on progressive disability remains limited, prompting interest in strategies targeting CNS-resident immune mechanisms. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), expressed in B cells and myeloid-derived cells, including microglia, serves as a shared intracellular signaling node linking adaptive and inn…

1,3,4 oxadiazole derivative attenuates neurotransmitter-mediated inflammatory response in EAE model of multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) has a complex pathophysiology, comprising inflammation, demyelination, and alterations in neurotransmitter levels. Dysregulation of neurotransmitters, an imbalance between GABAergic and glutamatergic activity, enhanced oxidative stress, and an inflammatory response have all been involved in the disease. These mechanisms play a crucial role in regulating neuronal plasticity and activity. This study explored the role of neurotransmitters and inflammatory mediators in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)-induced MS, as well as the effect of a 1,3,4-oxadiazole de…

Serum neurofilament light chain and multiple sclerosis prognosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL) has emerged as a promising biomarker of neuroaxonal injury in multiple sclerosis (MS), but its prognostic value for clinical and radiological outcomes requires comprehensive synthesis of available evidence. METHODS: In this meta-analysis, we systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Ovid, and Cochrane databases from January 2015 to January 2026 for studies evaluating the association between baseline sNfL levels (high vs low) and MS progression outcomes. Primary outcomes were new clinical relapse (NCR) and ≥1 gadolinium-enhancing (Gd+) lesion. S…

Correction: Enhancing the endocannabinoid system to treat residual disease in relapse-free multiple sclerosis.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2026.1747131.].

Cladribine treatment in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis: real-world clinical outcomes and safety insights.

INTRODUCTION: Pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (POMS) poses unique therapeutic challenges due to high inflammatory activity, early cognitive and psychosocial impact, and difficulties with long-term treatment adherence. This retrospective cohort study evaluated the real-world safety and clinical outcomes of cladribine tablets compared with standard disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) in children and adolescents with POMS. METHODS: A retrospective cohort of 47 POMS patients followed at two tertiary neuroimmunology centers was included: 31 received cladribine and 16 other DMTs. Inclusion requir…

Client Participation per Round in Federated Learning for Multiple Sclerosis with Real-World Data.

We quantify how the per round client participation rate k affects performance and runtime in a federated learning study predicting two year confirmed disability progression in multiple sclerosis using routine clinical data. Using the original study's data, preprocessing, model, and evaluation protocol, we vary k at 1.0, 0.6, and 0.4. Lower participation shortens wall time but can slightly reduce ROC - AUC and AUC - PR; k ≈ 0.6 preserved nearly all performance while cutting runtime by about one third.

A multi-sequence MRI integration framework using SwinUNETR-v2 for multiple sclerosis lesion segmentation.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic brain disease that affects the brain and spinal cord, where Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) plays a key role in diagnosis. While manual analysis of brain MRIs is important, it is time-consuming and prone to human error. Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven Computer Aided Diagnostic (CAD) systems have therefore gained traction due to their ability to provide more consistent and reliable assessments. This study presents a multi-sequence framework that integrates four MRI modalities with the SwinUNETR-v2 backbone for MS lesion segmentation. The main contributi…

Determinants of self-management in Multiple Sclerosis: Insights from a Tunisian cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: People living with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) face numerous challenges in their daily lives. To cope with these difficulties and maintain an optimal quality of life, several strategies are employed, including self-management. This study aimed to assess self-management among Tunisian people with MS and identify associated factors. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study on people with MS was conducted in the department of Neurology -Razi University Hospital-Tunisia. Self-management was assessed using the Multiple Sclerosis Self-Management Scale-Revised (MSSM-R), with scores rangi…

T1W/T2W Ratio to Assess Brain Microstructural Damage in Multiple Sclerosis: A Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The T1-weighted/T2-weighted ratio, a proposed surrogate measure of myelin integrity/damage, has debated specificity in multiple sclerosis. We investigated compartment-specific T1-weighted/T2-weighted alterations across multiple sclerosis phenotypes and age at onset, and their associations with disability and cognition. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this multicenter study, 918 multiple sclerosis and 272 healthy controls from an Italian neuroimaging initiative underwent standardized 3D T1- and T2-weighted MRI (3D or 2D dual-echo sequences depending on site), together with cl…

The relationship between cerebellar functional connectivity alterations and hand dexterity impairment in multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Altered cerebellar resting-state functional connectivity (FC) may contribute to hand motor impairment in People with Multiple Sclerosis (PwMS). We aimed to assess whether: 1. FC abnormalities of the sensorimotor and cognitive cerebellum (smCb, cCb) are associated with impaired hand dexterity; 2. these alterations contribute to impaired hand dexterity beyond structural brain and spinal cord damage. METHODS: Six hundred and sixty-seven subjects from the Italian Neuroimaging Network Initiative database were included: two hundred forty-eight PwMS with impaired (iPwMS) and …

Финголимод для детской множественной скlerозы: систематический обзор и мета-анализ группы Ped-MS

ОБЪЕКТ: Выбор оптимальной терапии, влияющей на течение болезни (ДМТ) для детской множественной склероза (Пед-МС) представляет собой значительную сложность и требует особого внимания. Если болезнь не лечится или лечится неправильно, Пед-МС может привести к когнитивным нарушениям, влияющим на всю жизнь пациента и вызывать необратимые последствия. ЦЕЛЬ: Провести всесторонний обзор эффективности и безопасности финголимода, единственной ДМТ, одобренной FDA для Пед-МС. МЕТОДЫ: Наш обзор на основе PRISMA включал систематический поиск в PubMed, Embase, Web of Science и Scopus. Основной показатель дл

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
BACKGROUND: Selecting the optimum disease-modifying therapy (DMT) for pediatric multiple sclerosis (Ped-MS) poses a significant challenge and requires special attention. If untreated or treated inappropriately, PED-MS can lead to cognitive impairment affecting the patient's whole life and causing irreversible sequelae. OBJECTIVE: To comprehensively review t…

Immune Cells as Mediators Between Gut Microbiota and Multiple Sclerosis: Insights From Mendelian Randomization.

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroimmunological disorder marked by demyelination and neuronal damage, significantly impacting young individuals' health and quality of life. Recent studies suggest a pivotal role of the gut microbiota and immune system in MS development, though the precise mechanisms remain unclear. METHODS: This study utilizes Mendelian randomization (MR) to explore the causal relationships between gut microbiota, immune traits, and MS. We conducted MR analysis using genetic data from 18,340 participants for gut microbiota, 3757 individuals for immune traits, and 4…

Directional Symptom Dependencies in Multiple Sclerosis and Parkinson's Disease: A Comparative Bayesian Network Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are progressive neurological disorders characterized by complex interactions among motor symptoms, psychological disturbances, sleep problems, fatigue, and pain. Because conventional correlation-based approaches cannot determine effect direction, this study used Bayesian Network (BN) analysis to identify and compare directional pathways among disease characteristics, physical function, psychological measures, sleep quality, fatigue, pain, and physical activity in individuals with MS and PD. METHODS: Cross-sectional data from ind…

Enhanced EBNA2-dependent activity in EBV-transformed B cells from patients with multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the central nervous system affecting 2.8 million people worldwide. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to MS risk, with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection being an important environmental factor. To better clarify the role of EBV in MS, we examined its impact on gene expression, chromatin accessibility, and transcription factor binding in primary B cells and EBV-transformed B cells derived from patients with MS and healthy controls. RNA-seq and ATAC-seq analyses revealed extensive MS-dependent gene expression …

AI-Based Classification of Multiple Sclerosis Using OCT Retinal Layer Thickness Across Two Centers.

Background: The latest revision of the McDonald criteria for diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) establishes that the optic nerve can serve as a fifth anatomical location within the central nervous system for diagnosis. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) images can serve as evidence for this purpose. Objective: To assess the accuracy of automated artificial-intelligence-based classification of MS patients using OCT data obtained from two different centers. Methods: OCT data were collected from two centers using standardized APOSTEL-based protocols and similar equipment. Retinal layer thicknes…

Clinical Efficacy and Brain Volumetric Changes in Pediatric-Onset Multiple Sclerosis Under Teriflunomide Treatment.

BackgroundBrain volumetric imaging provides important insights into neuroaxonal injury in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (POMS), beyond conventional clinical measures of disease activity.ObjectiveTo evaluate the longitudinal brain volume changes in POMS patients treated with teriflunomide from disease onset, and to explore their associations with clinical outcomes, including annualized relapse rate (ARR) and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores.MethodsThis retrospective longitudinal study included treatment-naïve POMS patients with standardized 1.5-tesla (T) brain MRIs at baselin…

Treatment satisfaction during personalized extended interval dosing of natalizumab in patients with multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Extended interval dosing (EID) of natalizumab is increasingly used in clinical practice for patients with multiple sclerosis, driven by growing evidence supporting its sustained efficacy and associated benefits. However, it remains unclear whether EID, particularly at dosing intervals beyond six weeks, affects treatment satisfaction. OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether natalizumab dosing intervals of up to ten weeks are associated with patient-reported treatment satisfaction. METHODS: Participants from the prospective NEXT-MS and SUPERNEXT trials, both evaluating concentration-gui…

Serum Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Dynamics, Disease Progression, and Therapy Response in Multiple Sclerosis.

IMPORTANCE: Capturing individual multiple sclerosis (MS) progression is difficult; few studies have evaluated glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in large longitudinal cohorts with independent validation. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether serum GFAP levels and treatment-related changes are associated with future progression independent of relapse activity (PIRA). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This was a prospective observational study using 2 large MS cohorts: the Swiss MS Cohort (SMSC; initiated in June 2012; data extraction September 22, 2025) and the Expression, Proteomics, Imagin…

Borrelia miyamotoi meningoradiculitis complicating ocrelizumab treatment for multiple sclerosis: A report of three cases.

Ocrelizumab is an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody that is highly effective in multiple sclerosis (MS) but is associated with an increased risk of opportunistic infections that may be difficult to diagnose. We report three MS patients treated with ocrelizumab who developed severe meningoradiculitis. Routine investigations failed to identify any pathogen, whereas metatranscriptomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) detected Borrelia miyamotoi RNA. All patients improved after appropriate antibiotic therapy. B. miyamotoi should be considered in anti-CD20-treated MS patients presenting with menin…