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Early Hippocampal Stress Responses to Short-Term Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Mice.

Cigarette smoke (CS) is a major environmental toxicant associated with cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative disease, yet the earliest hippocampal responses to short-term exposure remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effects of short-term CS exposure on hippocampal neuropeptide signalling, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, mitochondrial homeostasis, neuroplasticity and astroglial activation. Mice were exposed to the equivalent of 0, 2, 4 or 6 cigarettes per exposure session, twice daily for four consecutive days, using a whole-body exposure paradigm. Hippocampal tissue was

A reproducible three-dimensional model of human brain tissue to investigate physiological and disease-associated microglia phenotypes.

Stem-cell-based in vitro models offer promising potential to elucidate human brain cell functions and interactions, but limitations in reproducibility, maturation and cell-type diversity persist. Especially, prolonged incorporation of mature microglia and studies of neuroinflammation have proven challenging. Here, we developed a human induced pluripotent stem cell-based three-dimensional cortical brain tissue model (3BTM) containing neurons, astrocytes and microglia with high reproducibility, maturity and viability. 3BTMs show morphological, functional and proteomic maturation of all cell type…

Hippocampal Lipocalin-2 in T2DM Associated Neurodegeneration: A Therapeutic Perspective.

The hippocampus is a brain region critically involved in learning and memory and is particularly vulnerable to metabolic and inflammatory stresses. Diabetes mellitus, particularly type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is associated with cognitive decline and structural alterations in the hippocampus, a condition commonly referred to as diabetic encephalopathy (DE). Lipocalin-2 (LCN-2), an acute-phase glycoprotein involved in iron homeostasis and innate immunity, has emerged as an important mediator of neuroinflammation and glial reactivity in the central nervous system. Although LCN-2 has been impl

Динамическое взаимодействие олигодендроцитов-прекурсоров с другими типами клеток в центральной нервной системе.

Традиционно клетки-прекурсоры олигодендроцитов (ОПК) рассматривались в первую очередь с точки зрения их дифференцированного потенциала для зрелых олигодендроцитов, которые погружаются в аксоны центральной нервной системы (КНС) через образование миелина. Недавние прорывы в одноклеточном секвенировании и технологиях визуализации виво изменили наше понимание, выяснив, что ОПС осуществляют широкое динамическое взаимодействие с различными группами клеток ЦНС во время нейроразвития, поддержания гомеостаза тканей и патологического микрореконструирования окружающей среды. Следует отметить, что, хотя у

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Traditionally, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) were primarily regarded for their differentiation potential to mature oligodendrocytes … view, we will systematically sort out the molecular interaction mechanism between OPCs and neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and vascular endothelial cells, deeply analyze their dynamic functional profiles, and focus on discussing: (1) the fine-tuning regulatory model of neuronal circuits mediated by OPCs at the developmental stage (2) the bidirectional regula …

Clinical and neuroimaging phenotypes of autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to provide a comprehensive review of neuroimaging characteristics and corresponding clinical phenotypes of autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy (GFAP-A), a rare but severe neuroinflammatory disorder, to facilitate early diagnosis and appropriate treatment. METHODS: A PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis)-conforming systematic review and meta-analysis was performed on all available data from January 2016 to June 2023. Clinical and neuroimaging phenotypes were extracted for both adult and paediatric

Single-Cell Characterization of the Frizzled 5 (Fz5) Mutant Mouse and Human Persistent Fetal Vasculature (PFV).

PURPOSE: Persistent fetal vasculature (PFV) is a pathological condition accounting for 4.8% of children's blindness in the United States. Ho … vessel system and PFV by sc-RNAseq and immunohistochemistry; (2) neural crest-derived melanocytes, astrocytes, and fibroblasts were specifically retained in the mutant PFV; (3) Fz5 mutants were found to possess more vitreous cells at early postnatal age 3 but returned to similar levels as the wild type at postnatal age 6; (4) altered phagocytic and prolifer …

Brain radial enhancement pattern in patients with negative glial fibrillary acidic protein-IgG: A cases series study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Brain radial enhancement pattern on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been identified as typical lesions in autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy (GFAP-A). However, the authors encountered several patients without GFAP-IgG showing that such specific imaging. In the present study, we reported the clinical pictures of 5 GFAP-IgG-negative patients with GFAP-A specific imaging pattern. METHODS: Data was retrospectively obtained from June 2013 through April 2023, and five GFAP-IgG-negative patients with valid data were recruited. Clinical informati

Corpora Amylacea in the Human Brain Exhibit Neoepitopes of a Carbohydrate Nature.

Corpora amylacea (CA) in the human brain are polyglucosan bodies that accumulate residual substances originated from aging and both neurodegenerative and infectious processes. These structures, which act as waste containers, are released from the brain to the cerebrospinal fluid, reach the cervical lymph nodes via the meningeal lymphatic system and may be phagocytosed by macrophages. Recent studies indicate that CA present certain neoepitopes (NEs) that can be recognized by natural antibodies of the IgM class, and although evidence of different kinds suggests that these NEs may be formed by ca

Protein A Immunoadsorption Relieves Autoimmune Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Astrocytopathy after Unsuccessful Methylprednisolone Treatment.

BACKGROUND: Autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) astrocytopathy (GFAP-A) is a recently defined autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system in which GFAP IgG is present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Its primary clinical manifestation is meningoencephalitis, and it usually responds well to corticosteroids. Herein, we report a case of a patient with GFAP-A with initial symptoms of psychological and cognitive impairment, which did not respond to high-dose methylprednisolone therapy but was successfully treated with protein A immunoadsorption (PAIA) therapy. METH

Differential association of baseline body weight and body-weight loss with neurological deficits, histology, and death after repetitive closed head traumatic brain injury.

Clinical observations indicate that body weight (BW) extremes are associated with worse outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI); yet, it is uncertain whether the baseline BW (bBW) may affect outcome after mouse TBI. We retrospectively analyzed 129 similarly aged (9-12 weeks) male C57BL6/J mice that were subjected to repetitive closed head TBI (rTBI) using an established weight drop paradigm as well as 55 sham injured mice. We sought to determine whether the bBW as well as the post-TBI weight relative to baseline (%BW) were associated with a variety of post-rTBI outcomes, including acute mod

Leucine-rich repeat containing 8A contributes to the expansion of brain ventricles in zebrafish embryos.

The sodium osmotic gradient is necessary for the initiation of brain ventricle inflation, but a previous study predicted that organic and inorganic osmolytes play equivalently important roles in osmotic homeostasis in astrocytes. To test whether organic osmoregulation also plays a role in brain ventricle inflation, the core component for volume-regulated anion and organic osmolyte channel, lrrc8a, was investigated in the zebrafish model. RT-PCR and whole-mount in situ hybridization indicated that both genes were ubiquitously expressed through to 12 hpf, and around the ventricular layer of neur…

Autoimmune Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Astrocytopathy Presenting with Slowly Progressive Myelitis and Longitudinally Extensive Spinal Cord Lesions.

We report a 65-year-old man with autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy (GFAP-A) who presented with gait disturbance that he had experienced for approximately half a year. On neurological examination, he displayed spastic paraplegia and autonomic dysfunctions including dysuria and constipation. Spinal cord magnetic resonance imaging showed longitudinally extensive spinal cord lesions (LESCLs) extending from the cervical to the thoracic cords. The patient was negative for anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and anti-aquaporin 4 antibodies. Treatment with corticosteroids

[Clinical concept, etiology and pathology of neuromyelitis optica].

More than a century has passed since the first description of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) or Devic's disease. The relation between NMO and multiple sclerosis (MS) had long been debated, but the discovery of anti-aquaporin-4(AQP4) antibody, an NMO-specific autoantibody has accelerated clinical and experimental research of NMO, and contributed to estabilishing NMO spectrum disorder(NMOSD), a wider disease spectrum than a prototypic opticospinal phenotype and a new disease concept: autoimmune astrocytopathic disease. Clinical, MRI and laboratory findings and therapeutic response in NMOSD are diffe

The fibrotic scar in neurological disorders.

Tissue fibrosis, or scar formation, is a common response to damage in most organs of the body. The central nervous system (CNS) is special in that fibrogenic cells are restricted to vascular and meningeal niches. However, disruption of the blood-brain barrier and inflammation can unleash stromal cells and trigger scar formation. Astroglia segregate from the inflammatory lesion core, and the so-called "glial scar" composed of hypertrophic astrocytes seals off the intact neural tissue from damage. In the lesion core, a second type of "fibrotic scar" develops, which is sensitive to inflammatory m…

[Pathology of corticobasal syndrome].

Focal asymmetric cortical atrophy with ballooned neurons, nigral degeneration, and tau-positive neuronal and glial lesions in both the gray and white matter, particularly astrocytic plaques in the affected cerebral cortex, are characteristic features of corticobasal degeneration (CBD). Since the clinical manifestations of CBD are diverse, several neurological diseases can present with clinical findings that are thought to be specific to CBD. These clinical conditions are referred to as corticobasal syndrome (CBS). CBS includes Alzheimer's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, Pick's disease

[New aspects of neuronal cell death: the molecular basis of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders].

During the past two decades, the fundamental mechanism of neuronal cell death has been explained by building on the knowledge obtained from studies of other cell types, such as immune cells and cancer cells. However, recent advances in biotechnology allow us to show much more detailed molecular mechanisms which can reveal characteristics of neuronal cell death distinguished from other cell types, and pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders, that may help to develop treatment for various neurological disorders. Here, I will review the recent advances in the research o

Cell replacement therapies for nervous system regeneration.

The adult brain was thought to be a slowly decaying organ, a sophisticated but flawed machine condemned to inevitable decline. Today we know that the brain is more plastic than previously assumed, as most prominently demonstrated by the constitutive birth of new neurons that occurs in selected regions of the adult brain, even in humans. However, the overall modest capacity for endogenous repair of the central nervous system (CNS) has sparked interest in understanding the barriers to neuronal regeneration and in developing novel approaches to enable neuronal and circuit repair for therapeutic b

[Treatment of neuromyelitis optica].

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) or Devic's disease is an inflammatory neurologic disease characterized by severe optic neuritis and transverse my … ti-AQP4 antibody binds to the extracellular domain of AQP4, which is highly expressed in endfeet of astrocytes. Recent neuropathological studies, analysis of CSF-GFAP levels during relapse and experimental studies strongly suggest that NMO is an anti-AQP4 antibody-mediated astrocytopathic disease and that T cell-mediated CNS inflammation is necessary to deve …

Subependymoma with prominent rosenthal fiber formation: case report.

A 62-year-old woman presented with a rare case of subependymoma associated with prominent Rosenthal fibers located in the left lateral ventricle manifesting as right hemiparesis and mild motor aphasia. The tumor was well demarcated and consisted of clusters of round nuclei embedded in an abundant gliofibrillary matrix with some microcysts and prominent Rosenthal fibers. Immunohistochemically, the tumor stained positively for glial fibrillary acidic protein and negatively for synaptophysin. This case of subependymoma containing Rosenthal fiber formation is very unusual.

The adult neural stem cell niche: lessons for future neural cell replacement strategies.

Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) and the mobilization of endogenous neural precursors in the adult brain have been proposed as therapies for a wide range of central nervous system disorders, including neurodegenerative disease (eg, Parkinson's disease), demyelinating disorders (eg, multiple sclerosis), stroke, and trauma. Although there is great hope for the success of such therapies, the clinical development of NSC-based therapies is still in its infancy. A greater understanding of how to control the proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival of NSCs and their progeny