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Hallmarks of Cancer Affected by the MIF Cytokine Family.

New diagnostic methods and treatments have significantly decreased the mortality rates of cancer patients, but further improvements are warranted based on the identification of novel tumor-promoting molecules that can serve as therapeutic targets. The macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) family of cytokines, comprising MIF and DDT (also known as MIF2), are overexpressed in almost all cancer types, and their high expressions are related to a worse prognosis for the patients. MIF is involved in 9 of the 10 hallmarks of cancer, and its inhibition by antibodies, nanobodies, or small synthe

The role of abnormal epigenetic regulation of small GTPases in glioma (Review).

Brain tumors are one of the most severe types of malignant tumors and glioma accounts for ~80% of malignant brain tumors. The current treatment methods for glioma are limited and patients with glioma often experience relapse following treatment, which leads to a poor prognosis for these patients. Therefore, novel therapeutic targets and methods urgently need to be explored. The present review screened studies that mainly focused on the epigenetic regulation of small guanosine triphosphate (GTP)ase in glioma. These small GTPases participate in most cellular biological processes, including diffe

Natural Compounds with Potential to Modulate Cancer Therapies and Self-Reactive Immune Cells.

Cancer-related deaths are approaching 10 million each year. Survival statistics for some cancers, such as ovarian cancer, have remained unchanged for decades, with women diagnosed at stage III or IV having over 80% chance of a lethal cancer recurrence after standard first-line treatment (reductive surgery and chemotherapy). New treatments and adjunct therapies are needed. In ovarian cancer, as in other cancers, the immune response, particularly cytotoxic (CD8+) T cells are correlated with a decreased risk of recurrence. As well as completely new antigen targets resulting from DNA mutations (ne

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… Myricetin inhibits matrix metalloproteinase 2 protein expression and enzyme activity in colorectal carcinoma cells. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2005;4:281–290. 183. Knickle A., Fernando W., Greenshields A.L., Rupasinghe H.P.V., Hoskin D.W. …

The Multifaceted Role of Annexin A1 in Colorectal Cancer: From Molecular Mechanisms to Predictive and Prognostic Implications.

Annexin A1 (ANXA1), a calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding protein, is considered a key modulator of cancer biology. Numerous pieces of evidence support its multifaceted involvement in tumor progression, metastatic dissemination, immune escape, and resistance to therapy in various malignancies, such as melanoma, along with liver, lung, and digestive tract tumors, including stomach and colorectal cancer (CRC). Although colon and rectal cancer (RC) exhibit overlapping characteristics, they are classified as separate clinical entities due to differences in tumor biology and therapy approaches.

Targeted Delivery of Drugs and Genes Using Polymer Nanocarriers for Cancer Therapy.

Cancer is one of the primary causes of worldwide human deaths. Most cancer patients receive chemotherapy and radiotherapy, but these treatments are usually only partially efficacious and lead to a variety of serious side effects. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new therapeutic strategies. The emergence of nanotechnology has had a profound impact on general clinical treatment. The application of nanotechnology has facilitated the development of nano-drug delivery systems (NDDSs) that are highly tumor selective and allow for the slow release of active anticancer drugs. In recent years, veh

Developing Actively Targeted Nanoparticles to Fight Cancer: Focus on Italian Research.

Active targeting is a valuable and promising approach with which to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of nanodelivery systems, and the development of tumor-targeted nanoparticles has therefore attracted much research attention. In this field, the research carried out in Italian Pharmaceutical Technology academic groups has been focused on the development of actively targeted nanosystems using a multidisciplinary approach. To highlight these efforts, this review reports a thorough description of the last 10 years of Italian research results on the development of actively targeted nanoparticles t

Restoring the Immunity in the Tumor Microenvironment: Insights into Immunogenic Cell Death in Onco-Therapies.

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) elicited by cancer therapy reshapes the tumor immune microenvironment. A long-term adaptative immune response can be initiated by modulating cell death by therapeutic approaches. Here, the major hallmarks of ICD, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are correlated with ICD inducers used in clinical practice to enhance antitumoral activity by suppressing tumor immune evasion. Approaches to monitoring the ICD triggered by antitumoral therapeutics in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and novel perspective in this immune sy

Curcumin Rewires the Tumor Metabolic Landscape: Mechanisms and Clinical Prospects.

Metabolic reprogramming is a fundamental hallmark and a key driver of malignant tumors. By reshaping glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism, as well as mitochondrial function, it sustains the abnormal proliferation and survival of tumor cells, making it a crucial target for anti-tumor therapy. Curcumin, a natural multi-target compound, exhibits unique advantages in intervening in tumor metabolic reprogramming due to its low toxicity and broad-spectrum regulatory properties. In various tumor models, it can directly modulate the activity of key glycolytic enzymes, such as hexokinase 2, lactat

Canine Gastric Cancer: Current Treatment Approaches.

Human gastric cancer (GC) ranks as the fifth most prevalent cancer worldwide, and is the third leading cause of cancer-related death. The incidence of GC is lower in dogs than in humans, accounting for less than 1% of all canine malignancies. In recent years, efforts have been made to understand the pathogenesis of GC and in find an appropriate therapy to maximize curative results, such as adjuvant chemotherapy treatments in addition to surgery. Although surgery is the first-line treatment, it is associated with several complications. In terms of chemotherapeutic intervention, canine gastric c

Th17 and Treg cells in bone related diseases.

Bone-related diseases share the process of immune response that targets bone tissue and bone marrow and then induce adverse effects on structure and function. In recent years, reciprocal relationship between immune cells and bone systems has been uncovered gradually. Regulatory T (Treg) and T helper 17 (Th17) cells are newly identified subsets of CD4+ T cells, and the balance between them is particularly essential for maintaining immune homeostasis. Accumulated data have demonstrated quantitative or functional imbalance between Th17 and Treg in bone related diseases, suggesting that Th17 and T

Preclinical efficacy of tasquinimod in myelodysplastic neoplasms: Restoring erythropoiesis and mitigating bone loss.

Myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDSs) are clonal disorders characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis, dysplasia, and a risk of transformation into acute myeloid leukemia. MDS is also associated with a higher incidence of osteoporosis, suggesting a complex interplay between hematopoiesis, the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment, and bone homeostasis. Targeting inflammation has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy, particularly in lower risk MDS. Tasquinimod (TASQ) is a small-molecule inhibitor of the inflammatory alarmin S100A9, blocking its interaction with TLR4 and RAGE receptors. We investi

Неинвазивный визуальный тета модифицирует связанные с миэлином и функциональные результаты в модели демиэлирования, вызванной LPC.

Демиелинация является отличительной чертой различных нейродегенеративных заболеваний, включая множественный склероз (MS), приводящий к поврежденной нейронной трансмиссии и дефициту двигателя. Модель демиелинации, вызванная лизофоспатидилхолином (LPC), широко используется, поскольку она отражает многие аспекты демиелинизирующей патологии. В ходе этого исследования было изучено, как неинвазивное воздействие 4 Гц на визуальную осцилляцию тета, вызванную ЛПК, влияет на обезвоживание в оптическом хиазме самцов мышей C57BL/6J. Мыши ежедневно получали одночасовые сеансы стимуляции 4 Гц в течение двух

Соответствующие патологии и их влияние на болезнь Паркинсона: описывающий обзор текущих доказательств.

Многие медицинские и патологические исследования указывают на наличие множества коморбидов/сопатологий в ходе болезни Паркинсона (PD). Патология тела леви, морфологическая характеристика PD, редко существует в изоляции, но обычно ассоциируется с другими сопутствующими патологиями, в частности с изменениями, связанными с болезнью Альцгеймера (ALDC), цереброваскулярными патологиями (макро- и микроинфаркты, болезнью церебральных малых судов, церебральной амилоидной ангиопатией), патологией TDP-43, а также множественными патологическими комбинациями. К ним относятся сердечно-сосудистые расстройств

Molecular mechanisms of the preventable causes of cancer in the United States.

Annually, there are 1.6 million new cases of cancer and nearly 600,000 cancer deaths in the United States alone. The public health burden associated with these numbers has motivated enormous research efforts into understanding the root causes of cancer. These efforts have led to the recognition that between 40% and 45% of cancers are associated with preventable risk factors and, importantly, have identified specific molecular mechanisms by which these exposures modify human physiology to induce or promote cancer. The increasingly refined knowledge of these mechanisms, which we summarize here,

Декодирование GPCR, сигнализирующее перепрограммирование рака: молекулярные механизмы и терапевтические последствия.

G белковые рецепторы (GPCR) представляют собой крупнейшую мембранную группу рецепторов в геноме человека и служат ключевыми регуляторами клеточного сигнала, гомеостаза и фармакологической реакции. Помимо их классической роли в посредничестве внеклеточной стимуляции по зависящим от G-протеина и независимым путям, которые играют ключевую роль при помощи GPCR сигнальных путей, включая CAMP-PKA/EPAC, IP3/PLC, PI3K/Akt/mTOR и ERK/MAPK cascades, в вождении онкогенного распространения, апоптоза и метастаза. Кроме того, ГПХР замешаны в опухоли с помощью различных молекулярных механизмов, в рамках кото

Amino acids metabolism: a potential target for cancer treatment.

Metabolic reprogramming of amino acids has been recognized as a significant characteristic in various types of cancers. Numerous studies have indicated that the metabolic reprogramming of amino acids in tumors significantly supports certain malignant behaviors, including tumor proliferation, survival, invasion, and even immune escape. Amino acids can provide biomolecules such as nucleotides and glutathione (GSH) for tumors, and the bioavailability of amino acids influences tumor progression. Meanwhile, as essential metabolites, amino acids are closely associated with immune cell activation and

Bispecific antibodies in the treatment of epithelial ovarian, endometrial, and cervical cancer: an overview of current applications, challenges, and emerging opportunities.

Gynecological cancer remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Recent advances in genomic and molecular sequencing have significantly enhanced our understanding of the biological pathways that drive tumor progression and resistance to therapy. Targeted therapies, including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), have revolutionized cancer treatment by selectively interfering with oncogenic proteins expressed on cancer cells. However, the long-term clinical benefit is often limited due to the emergence of drug resistance, frequently mediated by compensatory signaling pathways or immune es

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… Another promising innovation involves protease-activated bsAb prodrugs, designed to remain inert in systemic circulation and become activated only in the TME by tumor-associated proteases such as matrix metalloproteinase 2 or matriptase. …

JunB is a key regulator of multiple myeloma bone marrow angiogenesis.

Bone marrow (BM) angiogenesis significantly influences disease progression in multiple myeloma (MM) patients and correlates with adverse prognosis. The present study shows a statistically significant correlation of the AP-1 family member JunB with VEGF, VEGFB, and IGF1 expression levels in MM. In contrast to the angiogenic master regulator Hif-1α, JunB protein levels were independent of hypoxia. Results in tumor-cell models that allow the induction of JunB knockdown or JunB activation, respectively, corroborated the functional role of JunB in the production and secretion of these angiogenic fa

Новые тенденции в нанобиосистемах Змей-Веном-Лоадед: всеобъемлющий обзор.

Достижения в медицинской нанобиотехнологии в значительной степени способствовали применению ядов змеиных токсинов, облегчая разработку новых методов лечения токсинов, производимых животными. Огромное разнообразие видов змей и их ядовые сложности подчеркивают необходимость продолжения исследований. Этот обзор посвящен изучению интеграции яда змеиных ядов с наночастицами, с тем чтобы они могли использоваться в лечении человека в целях разработки методов лечения. Сложная смесь яда змей не только вызывает значительные патологические последствия, но и позволяет получить ценные знания для создания н

Innovative Peptide Therapeutics in the Pipeline: Transforming Cancer Detection and Treatment.

Cancer remains a leading global health burden, profoundly affecting patient survival and quality of life. Current treatments-including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and surgery-are often limited by toxicity or insufficient specificity. Conventional chemotherapy, for instance, indiscriminately attacks rapidly dividing cells, causing severe side effects. In contrast, peptide-based therapeutics offer a paradigm shift, combining high tumour-targeting precision with minimal off-target effects. Their low immunogenicity, multi-pathway modulation capabilities, and adaptability for diagnos